Air pollution levels in two São Paulo subway stations

Structural Leaf Changes in Trees Around a Subway Air Duct

“…Although subways are considered an integral part of mass transit and contribute to the sustainability of urban environment, this study verified that trees around subway stations are continuously exposed to pollutants that are released from its tunnel. Our result contrast with the findings of Fujii et al (2007) with argue that indoor subway stations act as pollutants receptor from the external environment. These morphological, anatomical and physiological founds changes support the visual observations that the subway air duct is causing an environmental damage of a magnitude not yet estimated.…”

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

“…As shown in Table 2, benzene levels inside the subway stations of Shanghai were comparable to that found in Metro carriages (Caldwell et al, 1998); d WHO, 2006; e for calculating average indoor to outdoor (I/O) ratios, samples both in platforms and in mezzanines at a station were put together to compute mean indoor levels; f TMB: trimethylbenzene. (Shiohara et al, 2005), but higher than those reported inside carriages or at stations in subway systems of other cities like Boston (Chan et al, 1991), Berlin (Fromme et al, 1997), Guangzhou , Hong Kong and Sao Paulo (Fujii et al, 2007). Toluene levels inside the subway stations were quite similar to those previously reported inside subway carriages of Guangzhou , Berlin (Fromme et al, 1997) and Boston (Chan et al, 1991).…”

“…Many previous studies concerning exposure in transportation modes or in urban microenvironments have investigated aromatic hydrocarbons inside subway carriages (Chan et al, 1991Dor et al, 1995;Fromme et al, 1997;Gomez-Perales et al, 2004;Lau and Chan, 2003;Shiohara et al, 2005;Fujii et al, 2007). Similarly to the studies inside subway carriages or subway stations, toluene (T) was also found to be the most abundant VOCs both indoor and outdoor of the selected subway stations in Shanghai (Table 1).…”

“…However, studies on VOCs inside subway systems are comparatively quite limited. Only aromatic hydrocarbons inside subway networks have been measured and assessed in a few cities, such as Boston, USA (Chan et al, 1991), Paris, France (Dor et al, 1995), Berlin, Germany (Fromme et al, 1997), Mexico City, Mexico (Gómez-Perales et al, 2004;Shiohara et al, 2005) and Sao Paulo, Brazil (Fujii et al, 2007). In China, few reports for aromatic hydrocarbons inside subway carriages Lau and Chan, 2003) and no reports are available in subway systems for some hazardous halocarbons widely detected in indoor environments (Pellizzari et al, 1986;Hartwell et al, 1992;Kostiainen, 1995;Lee et al, 2002;Sexton et al, 2004;Sakai et al, 2004;Tang et al, 2005).…”

Concentration and Properties of Particulate Matters (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) in the Seoul Metropolitan

“…따라서 지하철역 이용자의 건강 보호 및 깨 끗한 공기질을 유지하기 위해서는 지하철역의 PM과 일반 대기농도와의 관계를 파악하고, 오염특성을 확 인하는 것은 매우 중요하다 (Zhao and Hopke, 2004). et al, 2005), 네덜란드 스톡홀름 (Johansson and Johansson, 2003), 미국 워싱턴 (Birenzvige et al, 2003), 영 국 런던 (Pfeifer et al, 1999), 미국 뉴욕 (Chillrud et al, 2005(Chillrud et al, , 2004, 이집트 카이로 (Awad, 2002), 체코 프라하 (Branis, 2006), 이탈리아 로마 (Ripanucci et al, 2006), 브라질 상파울로 (Fujii et al, 2007), 대만 타이페이 (Cheng et al, 2008), 한국 서울 (Kim et al, 2008), 프 랑스 파리 (Raut et al, 2009) Mugica-Alvarez et al, 2012;Kam et al, 2011;Cheng et al, 2008;Salma et al, 2007;Branis, 2006;Furuya et al, 2001;Fromme et al, 1998) (Kim et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2010).…”