Air to Water Generator Integrated Systems: The Proposal of a Global Evaluation Index—GEI Formulation and Application Examples

Cattani, Lucia; Cattani, Paolo; Magrini, Anna

doi:10.3390/en14248528

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The programing code is dedicated in calculating the dew point that change rapidly based on the changes in temperature and humidity. The Arduino UNO is connected to a relay to control the position of turning the electrical circuit (on/off) according to the Atmospheric water generator components [7] Figure 3 AWG integrated system scheme [9] Figure 4 Refrigerant cycle [14] Figure 5 Water collection process from Air condition unit [15] Figure 6 Air condition waste water re-uses [17] Figure 7 Average ow rate from Air conditioning waste water [14] Figure 8 Proposed system design…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A simple atmospheric water generator unit uses only the reverse cycle to cool the surrounding air below the dew point, consuming some energy and condensing some of the humidity in the air. Instead, the integrated AWG system is designed to use the multiple bene cial effects of reverse cycling with the same power consumption as a simple AWG device [9] as shown in gure 3.…”

Section: Atmospheric Water Generatormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Develop a fresh water production method from atmosphere

Amin

Hassan

Elaraby

2023

Preprint

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Fresh water scarcity represents a major world challenges, in addition, the water consumption is increasing with population growth and evaporation due to global climate changes. Furthermore, seawater desalination is considerably cost, requires additional energy to extract it, and negatively affecting water quality. The modern technologies adopted deferent methods to extracting the fresh water from the atmosphere. This work aims to contribute in solving this scarcely fresh water problem through, condensing the humidity in the air and transform it to fresh water. The proposed system is integrated into three parts; mechanical, electrical, and water treatment with filtration unit. The mechanical system consists of a refrigerant cycle with a compressor capacity of 1.5 horse power. The electrical system is responsible of controlling the mechanical system through the Arduino Uno circuit and relay. The filtration system is used to remove sediments and contaminants from the harvest water. The water treatment unit is used to supply the filtered water with the required additives of minerals to transform the distilled water to fresh drinkable water. The system design takes the energy efficiency into account. The system behavior is analyzed, taking into account real climatic conditions of Egypt. Preliminary calculations show that the water extracted from air by condensation is ranged from (8.25 to 12) litters during six operational hours per day. The produced quantity of fresh water can be support the needs from three to four persons per day. The total saving of produced water from the proposed system compared with the price of water in the market is 80,416.8 L.E per year.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atmospheric Water Generatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Develop a fresh water production method from atmosphere

Amin

Hassan

Elaraby

2023

Preprint

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“…As described in ref. [38], an AWG integrated machine is a system able to extract water from air, by means of a compression reverse cycle, and, at the same time, to provide valuable side effects, coming from the water extraction process. The integrated machine can provide, with the same energy input (en), three useful effects:…”

Section: Awg Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air to Water Generator Integrated System Real Application: A Study Case in a Worker Village in United Arab Emirates

Cattani¹,

Cattani

Magrini

2023

Applied Sciences

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The water crisis is currently affecting billions of people. To mitigate the issue, unconventional water sources should be taken into account. Among them, atmosphere is a promising possibility, but it is still considered a novel source, and more studies, based on real results concerning the behaviour of the Atmospheric/Air-to Water Generator (AWG) systems, also known as Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) systems, are needed to prove the water extraction sustainability. The current research work describes the real application of an integrated AWG system, based on a thermodynamic reverse cycle, designed to extract water from air and take advantage of the other useful effects of the cycle at the same time. The integrated machine was placed in Dubai, in a worker village, and tested. The machine is able to provide, at the same time, with the same energy consumption, water, heating and cooling energy. On the basis of onsite measurements, calculations about the efficiencies, using the Water Energy Transformation (WET), plastic savings, due to bottled water avoidance, and economic sustainability were carried out. The work answers to research questions concerning the potentiality of integrated systems in Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) plants revamping, the economic sustainability of water extraction from air and the lack of tests on real AWG machines of thousand-litre production capability (large size).

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“…Using its definition, WET overcomes the issues related to SEC. Moreover, it can be directly aggregated with EER and COP to define the GEI index [38] for the integrated AWG machine evaluation. Moreover, it is worth noting that WET can be applied to all AWG machine types, simple or integrated, employing desiccants or not, using combustion smoke, etc., working outdoors, or even indoors.…”

Section: Wet (Water Energy Transformation) Indicatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the current work, the WET values are calculated taking into account the behaviour in the chosen different climates, described in the following subparagraph, of a machine having similar characteristics to that described in [31], functioning only as an AWG, thus simply producing water, as reported in [38].…”

Section: Input Data: Awg Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Performance of Water Generators from Gaseous Mixtures by Condensation: Climatic Datasets Choice

Cattani¹,

Magrini

Leoni

2022

Energies

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Due to the growing issues related to water scarcity and pollution, water extraction from gaseous mixtures, such as atmospheric air, or fumes from combustion, is acquiring increasing importance. Nevertheless, one of the main concerns is the energy consumption that affects the use of any kind of Air(/Gas) to Water Generator (AWG). Referring specifically to water extraction from humid environmental air, AWG behaviour depends upon the air thermo-dynamic conditions and thus upon weather data. To evaluate the water extraction energy efficiency, two interesting tools can be applied: the WET (Water Energy Transformation) indicator, concerning the specific AWG machine behaviour, and the MHI (Moisture Harvesting Index), focused on climate suitability evaluation. Those tools require the knowledge of weather data to be applied. When hourly data for the entire year are available, the application of these tools leads to reliable results. However, in many cases, only average climatic data are available. Today, there are no indications about the reliability of results coming from the use of those less accurate data sets: the research aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the conditions under which average climatic data can be employed without losing meaning. This target was pursued by calculating WET and MHI with three different data sets and five meaningful climate examples. By comparing results, it was possible to provide indications about the most suitable use of average data.

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Air to Water Generator Integrated Systems: The Proposal of a Global Evaluation Index—GEI Formulation and Application Examples

Cited by 12 publications

References 30 publications

Develop a fresh water production method from atmosphere

Develop a fresh water production method from atmosphere

Air to Water Generator Integrated System Real Application: A Study Case in a Worker Village in United Arab Emirates

Energy Performance of Water Generators from Gaseous Mixtures by Condensation: Climatic Datasets Choice

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