Alginate Gel-Based Carriers for Encapsulation of Carotenoids: On Challenges and Applications

Abstract

Sodium alginate is one of the most interesting and the most investigated and applied biopolymers due to its advantageous properties. Among them, easy, simple, mild, rapid, non-toxic gelation by divalent cations is the most important. In addition, it is abundant, low-cost, eco-friendly, bio-compatible, bio-adhesive, biodegradable, stable, etc. All those properties were systematically considered within this review. Carotenoids are functional components in the human diet with plenty of health benefits. However, their sensitivity to environmental and process stresses, chemical instability, easy oxidation, low water solubility, and bioavailability limit their food and pharmaceutical applications. Encapsulation may help in overcoming these limitations and within this review, the role of alginate-based encapsulation systems in improving the stability and bioavailability of carotenoids is explored. It may be concluded that all alginate-based systems increase carotenoid stability, but only those of micro- and nano-size, as well as emulsion-based, may improve their low bioaccessibility. In addition, the incorporation of other biopolymers may further improve encapsulation system properties. Furthermore, the main techniques for evaluating the encapsulation are briefly considered. This review critically and profoundly explains the role of alginates in improving the encapsulation process of carotenoids, suggesting the best alternatives for those systems. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive cover of recent advances in this field.

Feasibility of Invasive Brown Seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae as Source of Alginate: Characterization of Products and Evaluation of Derived Gels

“…However, the surface commercial alginate observed in Figure 6 B evidenced a far smoother surface with no visible pores on the surface. Alginate polymer chains contain hydrophilic groups (-OH or -COOH) in their structure, contributing to water absorption [ 52 ]. The porous structure in RO gel ( Figure 6 A) enhances water absorption due to increased surface area and favourable hydrophilic interactions, surpassing the commercial gel ( Figure 6 B).…”

Comprehensive Insights and Advancements in Gel Catalysts for Electrochemical Energy Conversion

“…Considering factors such as the incorporation of seed crystals may further alleviate synthesis difficulties. In the pursuit of stability and enhancing the durability of gel materials, encapsulation or the application of a nano-thin protective coating could extend their uniform and consistent performance [66]. Implementing these strategies offers a systematic approach to overcoming the challenges associated with gel material synthesis, paving the way for more efficient and controlled production processes.…”

Natural Polymers as Carriers for Encapsulation of Volatile Oils: Applications and Perspectives in Food Products

“…Alginates’ remarkable gelling, stabilization, and rheological behavior, along with their great water-holding ability, have led to their employment in a wide range of applications. They are frequently utilized in mixtures with other natural and synthetic polymers to create films, beads, capsules, fibers, and blends [ 53 , 54 ].…”