1999
DOI: 10.1063/1.1149792
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All-fiber-optic sensor for liquid level measurement

Abstract: An experimental realization of a simple all-fiber-optic sensor for liquid level measurement is demonstrated. It is an intensity-modulated on-off switching sensor whose operating principle is based on the frustrated-total-internal-reflection effect caused by the refractive-index change of the surrounding medium. The basic optical element in the scheme is a sensing single fiber which serves simultaneously to transmit both the forward laser emission to the investigated medium and the useful signal backreflected f… Show more

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Cited by 62 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…In general, there are two types of FOLLSs: point sensors [1]- [3] and continuous level sensors [4]- [13]. The point sensors detect the liquid level at one or more discrete points to provide information whether the liquid level exceeds the setting points.…”
Section: Highly Sensitive Tapered Fiber Mach-zehndermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In general, there are two types of FOLLSs: point sensors [1]- [3] and continuous level sensors [4]- [13]. The point sensors detect the liquid level at one or more discrete points to provide information whether the liquid level exceeds the setting points.…”
Section: Highly Sensitive Tapered Fiber Mach-zehndermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, MIMO antennas operating from 1.71 [8] to 10.6 GHz [9] would be required. Although planar inverted F antennas (PIFA) often used along with their corresponding coupling-reduction techniques have been extensively reported as excellent candidates for MIMO handhelds [10][11][12][13], their exhibited operational bandwidth cannot cover this wide spectrum.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This can be attributed to surface tension effects of liquids [9], which emerge when the fiber probe is pulled out of water.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the fields where the liquid level monitoring of several specific points is needed or liquids of different refractive index (RI) are required to be differentiated, many discrete or multipoint liquid level sensors are proposed [6][7][8][9][10]. Compared to their electronic counterparts, optical fiber sensors show good potential in explosive environment due to their nonconductive measurements and electromagnetic immunity [11], broadening the application area.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%