Criminal Justice Studies

2018

DOI: 10.1080/1478601x.2018.1492389

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All part of the process? A qualitative examination of change in online child pornography behaviors

¹

,

Tusty ten Bensel

²

,

Tabrina M. Bratton

³

et al.

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Cem Education For Deterrence1

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Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Very little is known about what CEM-viewers understand about the criminality of their behaviour prior to engaging in it. That said, a lack of knowledge about what CEM is has been found (Steely, Ten Bensel, Bratton, & Lytle, 2018). More broadly, the beliefs of CEM offenders have been studied by several scholars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies suggest that CEM-viewers endorse specific beliefs minimising the harmfulness of the behaviour (Burke, Sowerbutts, Blundell, & Sherry, 2002; Rimer, 2019; Kettleborough & Merdian, 2017; cf Elliott et al., 2009). Examples include: viewing CEM is at the ‘extreme lower end of the harm dimension’ (Bartels & Merdian, 2016, p. 21); CEM ‘is only an image’ (Leonard, 2010, p. 255); and CEM is not ‘morally wrong’ (Steely et al., 2018, p. 289). Gender differences may exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies

Hunn¹,

³

et al. 2020

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

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There are claims that the societal appetite for ‘child exploitation material’ is increasing. Yet, Australia’s policy response does not include initiatives to dissuade potential offenders from deliberately viewing child exploitation material for the first time (onset). To critically examine this issue, this paper draws on Situational Crime Prevention theory. It argues that (a) many first-time child exploitation material viewers fit the Situational Crime Prevention construct of the Opportunistic Offender and (b) suggests that current policy overlooks the kinds of non-instrumental factors that increase the risk of onset for this group, including doubts about the criminality and harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. The paper then empirically examines social attitudes to child exploitation material viewing by presenting the findings of a survey of 504 Australian internet users. Results indicate that a sizeable minority of the participants were: unaware that it is a crime to view certain types of child exploitation material in Australia; and held doubts about the harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. These findings are used to reflect on how the presence of these non-instrumental factors among ordinary internet users may affect the offending readiness of the Opportunistic Offender. Policy implications are then briefly discussed.

“…Very little is known about what CEM-viewers understand about the criminality of their behaviour prior to engaging in it. That said, a lack of knowledge about what CEM is has been found (Steely, Ten Bensel, Bratton, & Lytle, 2018). More broadly, the beliefs of CEM offenders have been studied by several scholars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies suggest that CEM-viewers endorse specific beliefs minimising the harmfulness of the behaviour (Burke, Sowerbutts, Blundell, & Sherry, 2002; Rimer, 2019; Kettleborough & Merdian, 2017; cf Elliott et al., 2009). Examples include: viewing CEM is at the ‘extreme lower end of the harm dimension’ (Bartels & Merdian, 2016, p. 21); CEM ‘is only an image’ (Leonard, 2010, p. 255); and CEM is not ‘morally wrong’ (Steely et al., 2018, p. 289). Gender differences may exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why internet users’ perceptions of viewing child exploitation material matter for prevention policies

Hunn¹,

³

et al. 2020

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There are claims that the societal appetite for ‘child exploitation material’ is increasing. Yet, Australia’s policy response does not include initiatives to dissuade potential offenders from deliberately viewing child exploitation material for the first time (onset). To critically examine this issue, this paper draws on Situational Crime Prevention theory. It argues that (a) many first-time child exploitation material viewers fit the Situational Crime Prevention construct of the Opportunistic Offender and (b) suggests that current policy overlooks the kinds of non-instrumental factors that increase the risk of onset for this group, including doubts about the criminality and harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. The paper then empirically examines social attitudes to child exploitation material viewing by presenting the findings of a survey of 504 Australian internet users. Results indicate that a sizeable minority of the participants were: unaware that it is a crime to view certain types of child exploitation material in Australia; and held doubts about the harmfulness of viewing child exploitation material. These findings are used to reflect on how the presence of these non-instrumental factors among ordinary internet users may affect the offending readiness of the Opportunistic Offender. Policy implications are then briefly discussed.

“…Child predators are individuals who engage in sexual activity with children or who produce, possess, or distribute child pornography (Gottfried et al, 2020;Steely et al, 2018). The Children Act 2001 is the main legislation that addresses crimes against children in Malaysia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects Of Criminal Law Against Child Predators in Malaysia

Sabarudding

2022

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The topic of criminal law against child predators in Malaysia provide an overview of the research question and objectives of the study. Review the existing research on criminal law against child predators in Malaysia, including relevant laws and policies, challenges and successes in enforcing these laws, and perspectives of stakeholders such as law enforcement officials, social workers, and community members. Describe the qualitative research methods used in the study, including the sample size and selection criteria, data collection methods (e.g. interviews, focus groups), and data analysis techniques. Present the findings of the study, including quotes and insights from participants, and discuss any themes or patterns that emerged. Interpret the results in the context of the literature review and discuss the implications of the findings for criminal law against child predators in Malaysia. Summarize the main points of the study and suggest directions for future research.

“…The potential for popular genres of ostensibly legal pornography, such as the category of "teen", to represent a stepping stone or gateway to CEM offending has been recognised [29,30]. Moreover, a growing number of qualitative studies with CEM offenders suggest that it is not uncommon for onset-the first deliberate viewing of CEM [31]-to begin following initial inadvertent exposure to CEM while searching for adult pornography [32,33]. Underlining concern, Ray et al [34] points to the possibility that perhaps as many as 1 in 5 adult pornography users have seen CEM online, although caution is warranted as this is not a prevalence estimate per se.…”

Section: Cem Education For Deterrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Creating Honeypots to Prevent Online Child Exploitation

¹

,

³

et al. 2022

Future Internet

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Honeypots have been a key tool in controlling and understanding digital crime for several decades. The tool has traditionally been deployed against actors who are attempting to hack into systems or as a discovery mechanism for new forms of malware. This paper presents a novel approach to using a honeypot architecture in conjunction with social networks to respond to non-technical digital crimes. The tool is presented within the context of Child Exploitation Material (CEM), and to support the goal of taking an educative approach to Internet users who are developing an interest in this material. The architecture that is presented in the paper includes multiple layers, including recruitment, obfuscation, and education. The approach does not aim to collect data to support punitive action, but to educate users, increasing their knowledge and awareness of the negative impacts of such material.

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