Allelic variation in two distinct <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility

Clarke, Christopher R.; Chinchilla, Delphine; Hind, Sarah R.; Taguchi, Fumiko; Miki, Ryuji; Ichinose, Yuki; Martin, Gregory B.; Leman, Scotland; Felix, Georg; Vinatzer, Boris A.

doi:10.1111/nph.12408

Cited by 132 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…tomato DC3000 did not abolish its ability to reach the apoplast and cause infection, although its populations were smaller than those of the wild type (Fig. 5), as was observed before (87). This is different from other Pseudomonas strains (88) and pathovars of P. syringae (30,33,89) and suggests that P. syringae pv.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

FleQ Coordinates Flagellum-Dependent and -Independent Motilities in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Nogales

Vargas

Farias

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bMotility plays an essential role in bacterial fitness and colonization in the plant environment, since it favors nutrient acquisition and avoidance of toxic substances, successful competition with other microorganisms, the ability to locate the preferred hosts, access to optimal sites within them, and dispersal in the environment during the course of transmission. In this work, we have observed that the mutation of the flagellar master regulatory gene, fleQ, alters bacterial surface motility and biosurfactant production, uncovering a new type of motility for Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 on semisolid surfaces. We present evidence that P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 moves over semisolid surfaces by using at least two different types of motility, namely, swarming, which depends on the presence of flagella and syringafactin, a biosurfactant produced by this strain, and a flagellumindependent surface spreading or sliding, which also requires syringafactin. We also show that FleQ activates flagellum synthesis and negatively regulates syringafactin production in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Finally, it was surprising to observe that mutants lacking flagella or syringafactin were as virulent as the wild type, and only the simultaneous loss of both flagella and syringafactin impairs the ability of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 to colonize tomato host plants and cause disease. Motility plays a pivotal role in the spreading of bacteria across surfaces and colonization, contributing to the formation of structured communities called biofilms (1). Efficient bacterial motility under diverse environmental conditions, from liquid to semisolid and solid surfaces, is achieved by flagellum-dependent swimming and swarming or flagellum-independent twitching, gliding, nonsocial gliding, and sliding (2, 3, 4). Swimming is a flagellum-driven motility observed in bacteria moving through liquids or semisolid media, such as low-percentage agar (0.2% to 0.4%). Twitching is a slow cell movement on surfaces mediated by the extension and retraction of type IV pili (5). Gliding, a surface movement extensively studied in myxobacteria, does not require flagella or pili but involves focal adhesion complexes, cell surfaceassociated complexes that anchor the bacterium to a substrate and might act as a motor (6). Sliding is a passive form of surface spreading by expansion that is powered by the outward pressure of bacterial growth and facilitated by compounds that reduce friction between cells and surfaces (3). Sliding or spreading by expansion has been observed in a diverse group of bacteria, such as mycobacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Legionella pneumophila (7-12), in which a strong correlation between sliding and production of surfactants has been established. Furthermore, sliding is easily mistaken for swarming motility and can occur when flagella are disrupted in bacteria that normally would swarm (7,8,13,14). Swarming is a rapid and coordinated movement of bacterial popul...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

FleQ Coordinates Flagellum-Dependent and -Independent Motilities in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Nogales

Vargas

Farias

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…MPK phosphorylation was undetectable following treatment with bacterial elongation factor Tu peptide (elf18; Roux et al, 2011), conserved flagellin peptides (Pseudomonas flg22; Gómez-Gómez and Boller, 2000; Salmonella flgII-28; Clarke et al, 2013) or full-length flagellins from Pseudomonas or Borrelia (Supplemental Figures 1A and 1B). This is in contrast to the elicitation patterns of at least three MPKs in Arabidopsis by these PAMPs, excluding Borrelia flagellin and Salmonella flgII-28 used as negative controls for Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Phosphorylation and Activation Of P Patens Mpks In Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

et al. 2016

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MAP kinase (MPK) cascades in Arabidopsis thaliana and other vascular plants are activated by developmental cues, abiotic stress, and pathogen infection. Much less is known of MPK functions in nonvascular land plants such as the moss Physcomitrella patens. Here, we provide evidence for a signaling pathway in P. patens required for immunity triggered by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This pathway induces rapid growth inhibition, a novel fluorescence burst, cell wall depositions, and accumulation of defense-related transcripts. Two P. patens MPKs (MPK4a and MPK4b) are phosphorylated and activated in response to PAMPs. This activation in response to the fungal PAMP chitin requires a chitin receptor and one or more MAP kinase kinase kinases and MAP kinase kinases. Knockout lines of MPK4a appear wild type but have increased susceptibility to the pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassisicola. Both PAMPs and osmotic stress activate some of the same MPKs in Arabidopsis. In contrast, abscisic acid treatment or osmotic stress of P. patens does not activate MPK4a or any other MPK, but activates at least one SnRK2 kinase. Signaling via MPK4a may therefore be specific to immunity, and the moss relies on other pathways to respond to osmotic stress.

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“…Functional EFR and Xa21 occur only in Brassicaceae and certain rice cultivars, respectively (Boller and Felix, 2009;Lacombe et al, 2010). Similarly, flgII-28 only elicits immune responses in a few species of the Solanaceae, such as tomato, potato (Solanum tuberosum), and pepper (Capsicum annuum) (Clarke et al, 2013;Hind et al, 2016). Natural variations in flgII-28 responses among tomato varieties were exploited to isolate FLS3 as the flgII-28 receptor.…”

Section: Innovative Approaches To Identify Microbial Patterns/apoplasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition

2017

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Allelic variation in two distinct Pseudomonas syringae flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility

Cited by 132 publications

References 68 publications

FleQ Coordinates Flagellum-Dependent and -Independent Motilities in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

FleQ Coordinates Flagellum-Dependent and -Independent Motilities in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

An Innate Immunity Pathway in the Moss Physcomitrella patens

Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition

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