Allelopathic mechanisms and their exploitation for biological control

Patrick, Z. A.

doi:10.1080/07060668609501831

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…When the non-emergent wheat seeds were excavated and examined, it was observed that the majority did not germinate or had only partly germinated suggesting that the inhibitory compounds in the extracts may have affected the germination process [8]. This is consistent with the suggestion of [3] who indicated that the enzymatic processes involved in seed germination are more sensitive to potency of extracts than seedling development.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…This is consistent with the suggestion of [3] who indicated that the enzymatic processes involved in seed germination are more sensitive to potency of extracts than seedling development. According to [3] and [8], disruption of some processes can result in complete suppression of seed germination. This could explain the existence of bare patches observed under the canopy of most pepper trees which could be related to the failure of seeds of plants, especially weeds, to germinate in this soil environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of allelopathy for weed management has received strong attention in recent times [3][4][5][6][7]. This is because phytotoxins are considered to be more environmental friendly as opposed to synthetic chemicals of which some have been shown to contaminate water and soil resources thereby constituting risk to human and animal health [8]. Consequently, the use of natural substances from plants is seen as a low input and sustainable approach to integrated weed management [9][10][11] *Address correspondence to this author at the Crop Science Programme, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Tel: +27 183 840 806; Fax: +27 183 862 686; E-mail: albert.materechera@nwu.ac.za which can also help to reduce the rising incidences of herbicide resistance in weeds [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential of Aqueous Extracts from Parts of the Pepper Tree (Schinus molle L.) to Affect Emergence and Seedling Development of Wheat (Triticum sativa L.) and Weeds in a Manure Amended Soil~!2008-09-12~!2008-11-15~!2008-12-05~!

Materechera¹,

Hae²

2008

TOASJ

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Abstract:The allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts from fruits, leaves, roots and bark of the pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) were investigated on emergence and seedling development of wheat (Triticum sativa L.) and agricultural weeds. Different concentrations of the original extract (undiluted, 1:1, 1:3 and water, v/v) were applied to a soil amended with cattle manure in 2-litre pots. Extracts from all the tree parts significantly (p < 0.05) reduced seedling emergence, height and dry matter yields of wheat and weed seedlings compared to the control (water). The inhibitory effects on both wheat and weed seedlings were consistently in the order fruit=leaves >roots>bark. The inhibitory effects were however progressively reduced by diluting the original extracts suggesting that there was reduction in the concentration of the compounds inhibiting the emergence and development of seedlings.The weed population and species composition were negatively affected by tree extracts but improved with dilution of the extracts. It was observed that grass weed species were relatively more adversely affected by the inhibitory compounds in the extracts than broad leaf species at each level of extract dilution. The results confirm the presence of water-soluble compounds in the tissues of the pepper tree which can inhibit seedling emergence and growth of wheat and weed seedlings. It is concluded that the pepper tree posses allelopathic characteristics that may be explored for weed management in agriculture. Further investigations are recommended to elucidate the nature of the phytotoxin, formulation, mode of application and the appropriate economic way of exploiting this potential.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential of Aqueous Extracts from Parts of the Pepper Tree (Schinus molle L.) to Affect Emergence and Seedling Development of Wheat (Triticum sativa L.) and Weeds in a Manure Amended Soil~!2008-09-12~!2008-11-15~!2008-12-05~!

Materechera¹,

Hae²

2008

TOASJ

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“…Similarly, under laboratory conditions almost any degree of water stress seems to lower the ferulic acid-inhibition threshold on germination or seedling growth (96). In some cases the pathogenesis of disease organisms, such as root rot fungi, is increased by allelopathic effects from decomposing plant residue (104)(105)(106).…”

Section: Quantity Of Allelochemicals Some Of the Pioneer Investigatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 1980s, the challenge went out to develop more specific proofs of allelopathy by adhering to a specific protocol like Koch's postulates for demonstrating pathogenicity (106,110,111). A cardinal point was to isolate and identify the chemical(s) responsible.…”

Section: Combinations Of Allelochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathy: Current Status and Future Goals

Einhellig

1994

ACS Symposium Series

148

112

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The phenomenon of allelopathy encompasses all types of chemical interactions among plants and microorganisms. Several hundred different organic compounds (allelochemicals) released from plants and microbes are known to affect the growth or aspects of function of the receiving species. Many new allelochemicals have been identified in recent years and it has become clear that the actions of allelochemicals are important features characterizing the interrelationships among organisms. These compounds influence patterns in vegetational communities, plant succession, seed preservation, germination of fungal spores, the nitrogen cycle, mutualistic associations, crop productivity, and plant defense. Allelopathy is tightly coupled with competition for resources and stress from disease, temperature extremes, moisture deficit, and herbicides. Such stresses often increase allelochemical production and accentuate their action. Allelopathic inhibition typically results from a combination of allelochemicals which interfere with several physiological processes in the receiving plant or microorganism. Other than the autecological study of specific species, there are persistent challenges in allelopathy to determine the mechanism of action of compounds, isolate new compounds, evaluate environmental interactions, and understand activity in the soil. New frontiers will focus on ways to capitalize on allelopathy to enhance crop production and develop a more sustainable agriculture, including weed and pest control through crop rotations, residue management, and a variety of approaches in biocontrol. Other goals are to adapt allelochemicals as herbicides, pesticides, and growth stimulants, modify crop genomes to manipulate allelochemical production, and better elucidate chemical communications that generate associations between microorganisms and higher plants. 0097 ALLELOPATHY: ORGANISMS, PROCESSES, AND APPLICATIONSThe writings of some natural philosophers that date back more than two millenniums show that they recognized chemical influences in nature (1). However, it is the evidence accumulated over the last several decades which has established that external roles for biochemicals, meaning roles that do not directly affect the basic physiology of the producing organism, are pervasive themes characterizing the interrelationships among organisms. This realization does not diminish the respective importance that competition for resources has on the relative success of an organism or a species. Instead, chemical ecology extends our dimensions of understanding and provides new insights into the intricacies of interchanges that occur in an ecosystem, community, or population.Allelopathy, a subset within the broader scope of chemical ecology, is concerned with effects that chemicals of plant or microbial origin have on growth, development, and distribution of other plants and microorganisms in natural communities or agricultural systems. The aims of this overview chapter are to provide a synthesis of the scope of allelopathy, suggest gen...

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Identification of active compounds in wheat straw extracts with allelopathic activity by HRGC‐MS and HRGC‐FTIR

Neves

Gaspar

1990

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

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SummaryThe allelopathic effects of decomposing wheat straw have been known for some time. In spite of the ecological and economical importance of the subject, onlya limited number of compounds have been associated with the allelopathic activity of wheat straw. In this study the high resolution, speed of analysis, and sensitivity of capillary gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (HRGC-MS-FTIR) have been used in a systematic study of the composition of biologically active wheat straw extracts. Droplet counter-current chromatography (DCCC) was used for fractionation and isolation of components.The extract components were analyzed as methyl derivatives and free hydroxyl groups were located by means of ethylation with diazoethane. Twenty compounds were identified, most of them being phenolic acids. Naphthoic acid, azelaic acid, and 1,2,3,5-tetrabromobenzene were also identified.

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Allelopathic mechanisms and their exploitation for biological control

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Potential of Aqueous Extracts from Parts of the Pepper Tree (Schinus molle L.) to Affect Emergence and Seedling Development of Wheat (Triticum sativa L.) and Weeds in a Manure Amended Soil~!2008-09-12~!2008-11-15~!2008-12-05~!

Potential of Aqueous Extracts from Parts of the Pepper Tree (Schinus molle L.) to Affect Emergence and Seedling Development of Wheat (Triticum sativa L.) and Weeds in a Manure Amended Soil~!2008-09-12~!2008-11-15~!2008-12-05~!

Allelopathy: Current Status and Future Goals

Identification of active compounds in wheat straw extracts with allelopathic activity by HRGC‐MS and HRGC‐FTIR

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