Alleviating exercise-induced muscular stress using neat and processed bee pollen: oxidative markers, mitochondrial enzymes, and myostatin expression in rats

Abstract

BackgroundThe current study was designed to investigate the influence of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen (MIMBP) and processed monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen (PMIMBP) supplementation on chronic swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress implications in the gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats.MethodsMIMBP was processed with an edible lipid-surfactant mixture (Captex 355:Tween 80) to increase the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoid aglycones as analyzed by UV spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array. Wistar rats in different groups were fed with MIMBP or PMIMBP supplements at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg individually, while being subjected to chronic swimming exercise for 4 weeks (5 d/wk). Various biochemical [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total protein content], mitochondrial (Complex I, II, III, and IV enzyme activity), and molecular (myostatin mRNA expression) parameters were monitored in the gastrocnemius muscle of each group.ResultsAdministration of both MIMBP (300 mg/kg) and PMIMBP (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) wielded an antioxidant effect by significantly improving SOD, GSH, MDA, NO, and total protein levels. Further MIMBP (300 mg/kg) and PMIMBP (200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) significantly improved impaired mitochondrial Complex I, II, III, and IV enzyme activity. Significant down-regulation of myostatin mRNA expression by MIMBP (300 mg/kg) and PMIMBP (200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) indicates a muscle protectant role in oxidative stress conditions.ConclusionThe study establishes the antioxidant, mitochondrial upregulatory, and myostatin inhibitory effects of both MIMBP and PMIMBP in exercise-induced oxidative stress conditions, suggesting their usefulness in effective management of exercise-induced muscular stress. Further, processing of MIMBP with an edible lipid-surfactant mixture was found to improve the therapeutic efficiency of pollen.

Flax lignan concentrate reverses alterations in blood pressure, left ventricular functions, lipid profile and antioxidant status in DOCA-salt induced renal hypertension in rats

“…[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] GSH has been reported to have free radical scavenging activity. 63,64 It is considered that GSH act as cofactor for several protective enzymes that are important in defense mechanism of body from oxidative stress. 33,[65][66][67] There is association between the increase in blood pressure and the oxidative stress.…”

Neuroprotective effect of Azadirachta indica standardized extract in partial sciatic nerve injury in rats: evidence from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic studies

“…Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 5 µg of total cellular RNA using reverse transcriptase (MP Biomedicals India Private Limited, India) as described previously (Adil et al, 2014[5]; Ketkar et al, 2015[51]). The primer sequence for Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, iNOs and β-actin is presented in Supplementary Table 1.…”

Antiulcer Potential of Morin in Acetic acid-Induced Gastric Ulcer via Modulation of Endogenous Biomarkers in Laboratory Animals

“…Several studies concluded that polyunsaturated fatty acids are most vulnerable to free radical attacks and the initial products of lipid peroxidation are conjugated dienic hydroperoxide [43][44][45] . It involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, the uptake of oxygen and rearrangement of double bonds in unsaturated lipids which eventually results in destruction of membrane lipids [41][42][43][44][45][46] .…”

“…It involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, the uptake of oxygen and rearrangement of double bonds in unsaturated lipids which eventually results in destruction of membrane lipids [41][42][43][44][45][46] . Biological membranes are often rich in unsaturated fatty acids and bathed in oxygen-rich metal containing fluid 47,48 .…”