Allometric Grip Strength Norms for Children of Hawaiian Lineage

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine allometric exponents for scaling grip strength in children that effectively control for body mass (BM) and stature (Ht) and to develop normative grip strength data for Hawaiian children. One thousand, four hundred thirty-seven students (754 boys) from a rural community in Hawaii participated in this 5-year study, resulting in 2,567 data points. Handgrip strength, BM, and Ht were collected every year. Multiple log-linear regression was used to determine allometric exponents for BM and Ht. Appropriateness of the allometric model was assessed through regression diagnostics, including normality of residuals and homoscedasticity. Allometrically scaled, ratio-scaled, and unscaled grip strength were then correlated with BM and Ht to examine the effectiveness of the procedure in controlling for body size. Allometric exponents for BM and Ht were calculated separately for each age group of boys and girls to satisfy the common exponent and group difference principles described by Vanderburgh. Unscaled grip strength had moderate to strong positive correlations with BM and Ht (p ≤ 0.05 for all) for all age groups. Ratio-scaled handgrip strength had significant moderate to strong negative correlations with BM (p ≤ 0.05 for all) and, to a lesser extent, Ht (p ≤ 0.05 for 8- to 12-year-old boys; p ≤ 0.05 for 8- to 12- and 14-year-old girls). Correlations between allometrically scaled handgrip strength and BM and Ht were not significant and approached zero. This study was the first to allometrically scale handgrip strength for BM and Ht in Hawaiian children. Allometric scaling applied to grip strength provides a useful expression of grip strength free of the confounding influence of body size.

Normative values for handgrip strength in Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age: estimation using quantile regression

“…The normative values for HS are consistent with the magnitude and direction related to sex and age previously reported in different studies around the world, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 in which male children and adolescents had consistently higher scores than their female peers. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 It is also consistent with an increase in the HS value proportional to age in both males and females. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , ...…”

“… 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 It is also consistent with an increase in the HS value proportional to age in both males and females. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 …”

“…While several studies have reported the normative values for HS in children and adolescents from different countries in Europe, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 the United States, 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 Oceania, 25 and Asia, 26 , 27 the number of studies in children and adolescents in Latin America is low. 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 The reports generally are focused on estimating the normative values for HS, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 but only a few reports have described the normative values for HS Relative , 22 , 28 , 30 although the latter has been reported to be a more robust indicator. 7 , 8 …”

“… 35 For this reason, the objectives of this study are twofold: i ) to estimate the normative values for HS and HS Relative , specific to sex and age, for Colombian children and adolescents from 6 to 17 years of age using quantile regression models 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 and ii) to compare the normative values for the HS and HS Relative in Colombian children and adolescents with those reported in children and adolescents around the world. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 …”

Bilateral differences in handgrip strength in Czech female tennis players aged 11–12 years and injury prevention

“…Both RH and LH players showed moderately significant bilateral differences in favor of the dominant hand. There are only few comparable studies in the sport literature (Table 5), more authors have analyzed handgrip strength and bilateral differences in 11-12-year-old children (Butterfield & Lehnhard, 2009;Fredriksen, Mamen, Hjelle, & Lindberg, 2018;Gómez-Campos et al, 2018;Hepping et al, 2015;Kocher et al, 2017;Omar, Alghadir, Zafar, & Al Baker, 2018;Ploegmakers, Hepping, Geertzen, Bulstra, & Stevens, 2013). While 43.03% of research participants were found to have bilateral differences >15%, 26.67% were found to have differences as high as >20%.…”