Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea

Frank, Uri; Bak, Rolf P. M.; Rinkevich, Baruch

doi:10.1016/0022-0981(95)00153-0

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The results of fusion between young organisms confirm earlier findings on hard corals (Hidaka 1985, Frank et al 1996, and suggest an ubiquitous pattern of alloimmune maturation in the Cnidaria.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…To evaluate the possible existence of an ontogenetic window that allows the development of natural chimeras in other members of cnidarians, we investigated allogenic responses in juveniles and adults of 4 soft coral species from the Red Sea, Clavularia hamra, Nepthea sp., Heteroxenia fuscescens and Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum. Although tissue fusions have never been recorded during numerous allogenic assays of adult colonies in the field or under laboratory conditions (Frank et al 1996, Barki 1999, we found that planula larvae and young (< 3 mo) polyps of all the above alcyonarian species can spontaneously fuse upon contact, forming natural chimeras. Fusions occurred either between kin larvae and young polyps originating from the same mother colony or between juveniles released from different genotypes (Barki 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Fusions occurred either between kin larvae and young polyps originating from the same mother colony or between juveniles released from different genotypes (Barki 1999). Natural chimeras were also recorded in situ during field observations (Barki 1999), raising the question of the evolutionary significance of chimerism in general (Buss 1982, Grosberg & Quinn 1986, Rinkevich 1996, and in particular of chimerism restricted to early ontogenetic stages (Frank et al 1996, 1997, Barki 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft-coral natural chimerism: a window in ontogeny allows the creation of entities comprised of incongruous parts

Barki¹,

Gateño²,

Graur³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Chimerism, the evolutionary perplexing outcome of fusion between conspecific individuals, is widely documented in nature. Several reports assign a variety of benefits to the state of chimerism, especially in cases of fusions between kins, rating a chimera as a congruous entity. For the first time, we describe here a follow-up study on chimeras of soft corals that occur only between ontogenetically immature conspecifics, prior to development of a histocompatibility recognition system. Four soft coral species from the Red Sea were investigated: Nephthea sp., Heteroxenia fuscescens, Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum and Clavularia hamra. Co-settlement of planulae resulted in high frequencies of spontaneous allogenic fusions between primary polyps. Tissue fusion between allogenic partners was confirmed histologically. During the observation periods (up to 450 d) chimeras were detached, or chimerism resulted in the death of 1 or more partners, or in morphological resorption of the partners. The results also document slower growth and growthretarding disorders such as disruption of the structural patterns of polyp budding and polyp configuration. These cumulative effects were only manifested by individuals comprised of incongruous components. Such chimeras are likely to be less suited to field conditions than genetically homogeneous individuals, raising the ecological-evolutionary question of why soft-coral chimeras arose in the first place. We propose that juvenile cnidarian chimerism represents a case in which ontogenetic allorecognition is not infallible, and that it is further promoted by the gregarious settlement of larvae characteristic of many coral species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft-coral natural chimerism: a window in ontogeny allows the creation of entities comprised of incongruous parts

Barki¹,

Gateño²,

Graur³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The existence of an allorecognition system is welldocumented in adult coral species: genetically identical grafts (autografts) fuse, whereas genetically different grafts (allografts and xenografts) rarely fuse and show various histoincompatible responses (Chornesky 1991, Chadwick-Furman & Rinkevich 1994, Jokiel & Bigger 1994, Frank et al 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic relationship and maturity state of the allorecognition system affect contact reactions in juvenile Seriatopora corals

Nozawa¹,

Loya

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Adult stony corals are characterized by a well-developed allorecognition system. In most cases, genetically identical coral grafts fuse, whereas genetically different grafts (allografts and xenografts) show various histoincompatible responses. Very little is known, however, about the allorecognition system in juvenile corals. We studied contact reactions of juvenile pairs in 2 scleractinian coral species: Seriatopora caliendrum and S. hystrix (0 to 59 d after settlement). Juvenile colonies were experimentally grafted in combination groups of various genetic distances: sibling allografts of S. hystrix (4 pairs), non sibling allografts of S. caliendrum (12 pairs), non sibling allografts of S. hystrix (16 pairs) and xenografts of the 2 species (26 pairs). Three tissue contact reactions were detected in all of the genetic combination groups: nonfusion, fusion and incompatible fusion. The transition in contact reaction patterns was recorded over a 1 yr period. Contact reactions and their duration were largely consistent among pair replicates of each combination and within each of the 4 genetic combination groups. We suggest that in juvenile Seriatopora corals, the genetic combination of each graft is a primary determinant of the contact reaction and its endurance. Maturity state of the allorecognition system, affects both onset and duration of the fusion and incompatible fusion reactions in the juvenile corals. Onset of the fusion reaction was observed only when grafted colonies were younger than 4 mo. Throughout the experimental period, most fusion reactions transformed into histoincompatible reactions or disconnection and virtually none of the allografts or xenografts maintained stable chimeras. We suggest that as the alloimmune system matures, incompatible fusion reactions eventually transform into nonfusion or disconnection via tissue necrosis of the contact zone.

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“…irtually all multicellular organisms possess recognition systems that allow them to distinguish self from non-self with precision (1)(2)(3)(4). For example, self͞non-self recognition systems enable the prevention of inbreeding by self-pollination in plants (4)(5) as well as the cooperation between kin in various clonal marine invertebrates (6)(7)(8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiologically mediated self/non-self discrimination in roots

Gruntman

Novoplansky

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

230

222

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Recent evidence suggests that self͞non-self discrimination exists among roots; its mechanisms, however, are still unclear. We compared the growth of Buchloe dactyloides cuttings that were grown in the presence of neighbors that belonged to the same physiological individual, were separated from each other for variable periods, or originated from adjacent or remote tillers on the same clone. The results demonstrate that B. dactyloides plants are able to differentiate between self and non-self neighbors and develop fewer and shorter roots in the presence of other roots of the same individual. Furthermore, once cuttings that originate from the very same node are separated, they become progressively alienated from each other and eventually relate to each other as genetically alien plants. The results suggest that the observed self͞non-self discrimination is mediated by physiological coordination among roots that developed on the same plant rather than allogenetic recognition. The observed physiological coordination is based on an as yet unknown mechanism and has important ecological implications, because it allows the avoidance of competition with self and the allocation of greater resources to alternative functions.Buchloe dactyloides ͉ competition ͉ development ͉ phenotypic plasticity ͉ physiological coordination V irtually all multicellular organisms possess recognition systems that allow them to distinguish self from non-self with precision (1-4). For example, self͞non-self recognition systems enable the prevention of inbreeding by self-pollination in plants (4-5) as well as the cooperation between kin in various clonal marine invertebrates (6-8). Because competition entails allocation of limiting resources to nonreproductive functions (9-11), natural selection is expected to favor mechanisms that minimize wasteful competition among parts of the same individual (12), clonemates, and kin (13).Recent evidence suggests that roots are able to alter their growth according to the presence or absence of specific neighbors (14) and to segregate spatially in ''territories'' (15). The evidence also suggests the existence of two different types of self͞non-self discrimination among roots. (24,31), it is usually not studied in the context of self͞non-self interactions. However, the results of previous studies suggest the involvement of physiological coordination in self͞non-self root discrimination (18,20,21). The prevention of contact inhibition between roots of the same A. dumosa plant (18) as well as the avoidance of self competition between roots of F. chiloensis (20) was found to be at least partially based on physiological coordination between roots that develop on the same plant. In an earlier study, P. sativum plants were grown so that they had two roots and two shoots that could be either longitudinally separated into two genetically identical but physiologically distinct individuals or left intact. Root growth was significantly greater in the presence and the direction of roots that belonged to different plants,...

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Allorecognition responses in the soft coral Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum from the Red Sea

Cited by 18 publications

References 30 publications

Soft-coral natural chimerism: a window in ontogeny allows the creation of entities comprised of incongruous parts

Soft-coral natural chimerism: a window in ontogeny allows the creation of entities comprised of incongruous parts

Genetic relationship and maturity state of the allorecognition system affect contact reactions in juvenile Seriatopora corals

Physiologically mediated self/non-self discrimination in roots

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