Alterations in Essential Fatty Acids, Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and Enteric Methane Emission in Primiparous Sows Fed Hemp Seed Oil and Their Offspring Response

Abstract

This study shows the effects of dietary hemp seed oil on the milk composition, blood immunoglobulins (Ig), and enteric methane (E-CH4) production of primiparous sows, and their offspring’s response at three time points. A bifactorial experiment was conducted for 21 days (d) on 18 primiparous sows (195 ± 3 days old). The sows were fed two diets: (i) a control diet (SO) based on soybean oil (1.6%), with an 18.82 n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio; (ii) an experimental diet (HO) based on hemp seed oil (1.6%), with a 9.14 n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. The milk contained an elevated level of linoleic acids (LA), n-3 FA, and especially alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), while the n-6:n-3 ratio declined using hemp oil. The Ig concentration was higher in colostrum than in milk. In the first few hours, the IgG in the plasma of piglets was more than double that of maternal plasma IgG (+2.39 times). A period effect (p < 0.0001) for IgG concentration in the plasma of piglets was recorded (40% at 10 d, respectively 73% lower at 21 d than 12 h after parturition). However, the sow diet did not affect Ig (p > 0.05). The frequency of diarrhoea declined after about 7 d. The value of the rate of diarrhoea was 6.2% lower in the PHO group. We found a 4.5% decline in E-CH4 in the HO group. Applying multiple linear regression, feed intake, n-6:n-3 ratio, ALA, and lean meat were potential indicators in estimating E-CH4. In conclusion, sow dietary hemp seed oil increased lean meat %, milk EFA, and milk IgM. Significant changes in the other dependent variables of interest (body weight, plasma Igs in sows and offspring, E-CH4 production) were not recorded. There was reduced diarrhoea which shows that EFA could play a therapeutic role in the incidence of diarrhoea and in lowering of E-CH4 emission in sows and progeny. All dependent variables were significantly altered at different time points, except for fat concentration in milk and sow plasma IgG.

Maternal Supplementary Tapioca Polysaccharide Iron Improves the Growth Performance of Piglets by Regulating the Active Components of Colostrum and Cord Blood

“…However, the level of colostrum IgM, IgG, and cord blood hemoglobin (Hb) was negatively correlated with the risk of diarrhea in suckling piglets. This is in agreement with the results of a previous study, which found a correlation between higher IgM and IgG group concentrations in sow colostrum and decreased incidence of diarrheal disease in newborn piglets [62]. The development of Hb in cord blood would undoubtedly strengthen piglets' inbuilt immunity.…”

“…The development of Hb in cord blood would undoubtedly strengthen piglets' inbuilt immunity. Immune globulins, primarily IgG and IgM, are thought to be the main components of colostrum protein, and they shield piglets from possible harm caused by pathogenic bacteria [62].…”

Nutritional Value of Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx mori) with Emphases on Fatty Acids Profile and Their Potential Applications for Humans and Animals

“…Based on the hypothesis that adding fat-rich ingredients to the diet can reduce the amount of CH 4 produced, we can assume that the SP could mitigate the main GHG. However, there is no evidence in the literature that nutritional strategies are more effective in decreasing the enteric CH 4 level [ 11 ]. On the other hand, it was specified that PUFA inhibits the population of rumen protozoa that produce H 2 .…”

“…Most of the investigated vegetable oils have higher PUFA content, notably higher n-6 PUFA concentration; however, some have a higher composition in beneficial n-3 PUFA, such as linseed, hempseed, camelina, pumpkin and sesame oil etc. [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The primary issues are related to the low worldwide production and ineffective technologies for processing edible oil from plants [ 13 ].…”

Dietary supplementation of laminarin improves the reproductive performance of sows and the growth of suckling piglets

“…As the immune system is immature, newborn piglets cannot cope with the invasion of pathogens. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA are crucial for protecting the health of offspring [ 8 ]. The abundant immunoglobulins in colostrum and fatty acids in milk are key for newborn and lactating piglets to keep good health and growth, which are strongly affected by the maternal nutritional status.…”