Altered sex differences in hippocampal subfield volumes in schizophrenia

Abstract

Objective: The hippocampus is a heterogenous brain structure that differs between the sexes and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illnesses. Here, we explored sex and diagnostic group differences in hippocampal subfield volumes, in individuals with schizo-phrenia spectrum disorder (SZ), bipolar disorders (BD) and healthy controls. Methods: 1,521 participants underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SZ, n = 452, mean age 30.7 ± 9.2 [SD] years, males 59.1%; BD, n = 316, 33.7 ± 11.4, 41.5%; healthy controls, n = 753, 34.1 ± 9.1, 55.6%). Total hippocampal, subfield, and intracranial volumes were estimated with Freesurfer (v6.0.0). Analysis of covariance and multiple regression models were fitted to examine sex-by-diagnostic (sub)group interactions in volume. In SZ and BD, separately, associations between volumes and clinical as well as cognitive measures were exam-ined between the sexes using regression models. Results: Significant sex-by-group interactions were found for the total hippocampus, dentate gyrus, molecular layer, presubiculum, fimbria, HATA, and CA4, indicating a larger volumetric deficit in male patients relative to female patients when compared with same-sex healthy con-trols. Subgroup analyses revealed that this interaction was driven by males with schizophrenia. Effect sizes were overall small (partial η2 < 0.02). We found no significant sex differences in the associations between hippocampal volumes and clinical or cognitive measures in SZ and BD. Conclusions: Using a well-powered sample, our findings indicate that the pattern of morpho-logical sex differences in hippocampal subfields is altered in individuals with schizophrenia relative to healthy controls, due to higher volumetric deficits in males.