Alternate Matrices: Meconium, Cord Tissue, Hair, and Oral Fluid

Palmer, Kendra; Krasowski, Matthew D.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_18

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Based on these findings, we postulate that low abundant amniotic fluid bacterial and fungal biomass is continuously collected during gestation and accumulates in the intestine. By the time of delivery, meconium may contain a collective record of fetal microbial exposure in an analogous manner to how meconium contains a record of transplacental illicit drug exposure (41). This process would also expose the fetal mucosal immune system to low levels of microbial products that may initiate host microbial surveillance mechanisms required to process the influx of microbes into the gut that occurs during and after delivery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi form interkingdom microbial communities in the primordial human gut that develop with gestational age

Willis¹,

Purvis²,

Myers³

et al. 2019

The FASEB Journal

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Fungal and bacterial commensal organisms play a complex role in the health of the human host. Expansion of commensal ecology after birth is a critical period in human immune development. However, the initial fungal colonization of the primordial gut remains undescribed. To investigate primordial fungal ecology, we performed amplicon sequencing and culture‐based techniques of first‐pass meconium, which forms in the intestine prior to birth, from a prospective observational cohort of term and preterm newborns. Here, we describe fungal ecologies in the primordial gut that develop complexity with advancing gestational age at birth. Our findings suggest homeostasis of fungal commensals may represent an important aspect of human biology present even before birth. Unlike bacterial communities that gradually develop complexity, the domination of the fungal communities of some preterm infants by Saccromycetes, specifically Candida, may suggest a pathologic association with preterm birth.—Willis, K. A., Purvis, J. H., Myers, E. D., Aziz, M. M., Karabayir, I., Gomes, C. K., Peters, B. M., Akbilgic, O., Talati, A. J., Pierre, J. F. Fungi form interkingdom microbial communities in the primordial human gut that develop with gestational age. FASEB J. 33, 12825–12837 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi form interkingdom microbial communities in the primordial human gut that develop with gestational age

Willis¹,

Purvis²,

Myers³

et al. 2019

The FASEB Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As a matter of fact, OF is an exceptional matrix due to its simple and noninvasive sample collection and good correlation with blood concentration, allowing the detection of recent drug intake [6]. On the other hand, OF is Molecules 2021, 26, 5870 2 of 13 a rather complex matrix, protein content is lower when compared to blood, but viscosity, interindividual heterogeneity and possible presence of food debris, etc., make it a difficult sample to deal with [7]. Sample preparation is then an essential step; traditional techniques such as solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are still the most diffused for OF pretreatment prior to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis but miniaturized techniques are gaining popularity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantification of 25 Fentanyl Derivatives and Metabolites in Oral Fluid by Means of Microextraction on Packed Sorbent and LC–HRMS/MS Analysis

et al. 2021

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Fentanyl and fentalogs’ intake as drugs of abuse is experiencing a great increase in recent years. For this reason, there are more and more cases in which it is important to recognize and quantify these molecules and related metabolites in biological matrices. Oral fluid (OF) is often used to find out if a subject has recently used a psychoactive substance and if, therefore, the person is still under the effect of psychotropics. Given its difficulty in handling, good sample preparation and the development of instrumental methods for analysis are essential. In this work, an analytical method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of 25 analytes, including fentanyl, several derivatives and metabolites. OF was collected by means of passive drool; sample pretreatment was developed in order to be fast, simple and possibly semi-automated by exploiting microextraction on packed sorbent (MEPS). The analysis was performed by means of LC–HRMS/MS obtaining good identification and quantification of all the analytes in less than 10 min. The proposed method was fully validated according to the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) international guidelines. Good results were obtained in terms of recoveries, matrix effect and sensitivity, showing that this method could represent a useful tool in forensic toxicology. The presented method was successfully applied to the analysis of proficiency test samples.

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“…Most compounds included in our drug panels are relatively hydrophobic ( 4 ). Since meconium is significantly more hydrophobic than Wharton’s jelly in UC where drug compounds are deposited ( 3 , 19 , 20 ), analyte accumulation may be favored in meconium. In addition, meconium is produced based on the elimination of constituents delivered to the fetal circulation through the placenta and by repeated ingestion of amniotic fluid by the fetus ( 19 , 20 ), which in turn may lead to higher analyte concentrations compared to UC, wherein the drugs may pass through the UC vasculature and Wharton’s jelly only once.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Umbilical Cord and Meconium Results Be Directly Compared? Analytical Approach Matters

Pandya

Wilker

McMillin

2022

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Maternal drug use during pregnancy is a significant concern. Drug-exposed newborns are often born premature and may suffer from birth defects, neonatal abstinence syndrome, as well as cognitive and developmental delays. Because of this, testing of neonatal specimens is carried out to assess fetal drug exposure during pregnancy. Umbilical cord tissue (UC) and meconium are commonly used specimens for this purpose. However, comprehensive studies comparing drug positivity rates and concentration in the two specimen types are lacking. To this end, 4,036 paired UC and meconium specimens originating from 13 states within the United States were identified and retrospective analysis of drug positivity rates and drug concentration was performed for 31 analytes in 5 drug classes. Testing for 11-Nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) is a separate orderable for UC specimen at our laboratory, so a second dataset was created for evaluation of this drug analyte with 2,112 paired UC and meconium specimens originating from 11 states. Testing of UC was performed by semi-quantitative LC-MS/MS assays whereas, for meconium, an immunoassay-based screening preceded LC-MS/MS confirmation tests. Results generated for UC and meconium specimens were therefore compared for a total of 32 drug analytes from 6 drug classes. Drug concentrations for analytes were higher in meconium compared to UC, with the exception of phencyclidine. Despite this, the positivity rates for individual analytes were higher in UC, with the exception of THC-COOH and cocaine. Furthermore, analysis for multi-drug positivity revealed that THC-COOH and opioids were the most common multi-drug combination detected in both matrices. In conclusion, this study suggests that for most drug compounds, UC was more analytically sensitive to assess neonatal drug exposure by current methodologies. Additionally, by demonstrating that meconium has higher drug concentrations for most compounds, this study sets the stage for developing more sensitive assays in meconium.

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Alternate Matrices: Meconium, Cord Tissue, Hair, and Oral Fluid

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Fungi form interkingdom microbial communities in the primordial human gut that develop with gestational age

Fungi form interkingdom microbial communities in the primordial human gut that develop with gestational age

Simultaneous Quantification of 25 Fentanyl Derivatives and Metabolites in Oral Fluid by Means of Microextraction on Packed Sorbent and LC–HRMS/MS Analysis

Can Umbilical Cord and Meconium Results Be Directly Compared? Analytical Approach Matters

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