Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

Alternative Fuels and Technologies for Short Sea Shipping

“…A service network similar to that for diesel engines has yet to be established. The fuel cell projects vary from assessments of potential for fuel cell use, regulatory development and feasibility studies and concept design, to testing of fuel cells in various vessels [8] .…”

The Potential of Wobble Plate Opposed Piston Axial Engines for Increased Efficiency

“…It would be a great success to confirm the engine operation on alternative fuels, as it can be an interesting research direction to reduce emissions. A review on this matter is presented in [2].…”

“…Parameter equal to 8 means increasing exhaust port area by approximately 20%. 2 For each series, a range of angles represents the period from the start of the first injection to the end of the last injection. 0 • Corresponds with the TDC (in OP engines defined as the angle of minimal volume between two cylinders) 3 The range from 0 to 100% represents the ratio of turbine blade angle in the range made possible by the turbocharger manufacturer.…”

“…Validity of departing from internal combustion engines is a subject of separate publications and will not be discussed in this article. As others have highlighted [2], electricity can be produced in various ways that may be more or less environmentally friendly. The issues that must be resolved are also the extraction of elements for the production of batteries and their storage at the end of their service life.…”

A Computer Tool for Modelling CO2 Emissions in Driving Cycles for Spark Ignition Engines Powered by Biofuels

“…Alternative fuels have been developed for many years, and their use in the automotive industry will undoubtedly continue to be verified in the context of road tests [116][117][118][119][120]. Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines are defined in relation to the classic liquid petroleum fuels, such as petrol for spark ignition engines and diesel oil for compression ignition engines [121][122][123]. All other fuels for internal combustion engines are an alternative to classical liquid petroleum fuels [124][125][126].…”