Alternative Resources for Renewable Energy: Piezoelectric and Photovoltaic Smart Structures

Metagenomics revealing new virus species in farm and pet animals and aquaculture

“…The first commercially available NGS technology was the "pyrosequencing technique" developed by 454 Life Sciences in 2005 and acquired by Roche in 2007, which is a sequencing-by-synthesis method (Barzon et al, 2011;Hutchison, 2007;Kulski, 2016;Schuster, 2008). During the process, pyrophosphate synthesis is measured with the utilization of chemiluminescent method.…”

“…Metagenomics means the genomic analysis of a microbial community from a specific environment. Consequently, viral metagenomics is a culture-independent method that is a useful tool for determining the complexity of viral communities in any type of sample (Bibby, 2013;Handelsman, 2004;Kulski, 2016). Viral nucleic acid suitable for metagenomic analysis could be derived from environmental samples (aquatic or terrestrial environments, surface waters, sediments, agriculture products, human or animal habitations, human and animal vaccines, etc.)…”

“…For metagenomic applications an added advantage was the lack of need for prior cloning of amplified target genomic DNA/RNA. With the initiation of NGS methods, the efficiency of DNA and RNA-base examinations explosively increased and the relative costs of sequencing have dramatically decreased (Escobar-Zepeda et al, 2015;Kulski, 2016;Metzker, 2010).…”

“…The Adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase converts pyrophosphate into ATP, which is used as a substrate for luciferase, hence visible light is detected and measured (chemiluminescence) with charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The process is reinitiated by adding the next complementary dNTP in the next dispensing cycle (Heather and Chain, 2016;Hutchison, 2007;Kulski, 2016). The method has disadvantages, including the high error rates in homopolymer repeats, the appearance of indels (insertions, deletions), as well as the time consuming sample preparation protocols.…”

“…In contrast, the number of sequencing reactions and reads dramatically extended, the quality of data improved by reducing cross-talk between reaction wells, and the system was miniaturized (PicoTiterPlates) enabling the reduction of reaction volume. Furthermore, this platform provides long read lengths (400 bp to 1 kb) (Heather and Chain, 2016;Kulski, 2016;Metzker, 2010;Schuster, 2008).…”