Ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment

Chen, Yu Cheng; Chiang, Hung Che; Hsu, Cheng-Ying; Yang, Tzu Ting; Lin, Tzu Yu; Chen, Mu Jean; Chen, Nai Tzu; Wu, Yuehua

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.016

Cited by 147 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…It is known that LMW PAHs have higher concentrations in the gas phase while HMW PAHs are preferentially present in PM (Agudelo-Castañeda and Teixeira, 2014;Duan et al, 2007). The HMW PAHs contribution was higher in winter, just as the ratios were lower, corroborating the results of some previous studies (Chen et al, 2016;Teixeira et al, 2013). In turn, HMW PAHs are more likely to be retained in particles due to its lower vapor pressure than LMW PAHs.…”

Section: Pah Diagnostic Ratiossupporting

confidence: 83%

Airborne particles in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: One-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Pereira

Teinilä

Custódio

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. S&#227;o Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of airborne particles from local sources and long-range transport of biomass burning-impacted air masses. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution (PM) and related health risks, a year-round sampling was performed for PM2.5 (&#8804;&#8201;2.5&#8201;&#956;m) and PM10 (&#8804;&#8201;10&#8201;&#956;m) in 2014 through intensive (every day sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24&#8201;h of sampling. This year was characterized to have lower average precipitation comparing to meteorological data, and high pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase of pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions and monosaccharides were determined by chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species by thermal-optical analysis. The associated risks to particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was done by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, besides the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.

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Section: Pah Diagnostic Ratiossupporting

confidence: 83%

Airborne particles in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: One-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Pereira

Teinilä

Custódio

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…It can be either primarily emitted or secondarily formed. A recent study showed that it can be formed from the heterogeneous reaction between NO 2 and Ant adsorbed on NaCl particles (sea salt) (Chen and Zhu, 2014). A moderate correlation was found between 9,10-AQ and Ant (R = 0.54).…”

Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

et al. 2017

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Abstract. São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM 2.5 (≤ 2.5 µm) and PM 10 (≤ 10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicuPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11944 G. M. Pereira et al.: Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo lar exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.

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“…It has been reported that some PAHs having four benzene rings, and all PAHs having more than four benzene rings exist in the particulate phase [43]. The concentrations of PAHs in the atmosphere have been measured in various regions, including Europe and Asia [44][45][46]; some of these investigations have indicated the probability of transboundary pollution [47][48][49]. Hayakawa et al not only measured atmospheric PAHs across Japan for a long time [50][51][52], but also took measurements in foreign continents, including Africa [53][54][55].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan

Kubo

Bai

Nagae

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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In order to clarify the level transboundary air pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and genotoxic substances, aerosols were collected from forest and suburban sites in Nagasaki, west Japan, for 6 years. The PAH concentration was measured, and the genotoxicity of the substances were evaluated using the umu test. The results showed no notable trends in the concentration or toxicity of either sites throughout the study period. The suburban and forest sites shared similar seasonal fluctuation patterns and quantitative values, suggesting that the western end of Japan might be affected by long-range transported pollutants, especially in winter. PAH concentration and genotoxicity showed the same seasonal patterns of increased levels in winter and lower levels in summer. This suggests that PAHs and genotoxic substances were correlated and share common sources. Back trajectory and source analyses were conducted using the diagnostic ratios of PAHs. It was predicted that air pollution by PAHs at the forest site arise predominantly as a result of biomass or coal combustion in continental regions, such as northern parts of China and the Korean Peninsula. This is particularly expected in winter. Therefore, genotoxic substances would also be strongly influenced by transboundary pollution from the continental region. In addition, it was estimated that the contribution of transboundary PAH pollution could reach 70% at the suburban site in winter.

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Ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment

Cited by 147 publications

References 61 publications

Airborne particles in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: One-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Airborne particles in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: One-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Seasonal Fluctuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Genotoxicity in Long-Range Transported Air Mass Observed at the Western End of Japan

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