American Pediatric Society 2013 presidential address: 125th anniversary of the American Pediatric Society—lessons from the past to guide the future

Stoll, Barbara J.

doi:10.1038/pr.2013.130

Cited by 4 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Table outlines the literature we identified to understand the decline in infant mortality and the factors mentioned by each author as contributing to this decline. There was consensus among public health professionals in that era, shared by contemporary scholars, that public health programs like filtering and chlorinating water supplies, building sanitation systems, expanding the birth registration area, pasteurizing milk, and subsequent efforts to educate mothers on infant care and hygiene played a central role in the decline in infant mortality () …”

Section: Factors Contributing To the Decline In Infant Mortality In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diphtheria antitoxin was the only effective chemotherapy, and physicians instead chiefly relied on drugs they had used since the 19th century, including digitalis, quinine, and opium derivatives . It was not until the 1940s that the widespread use of antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte therapy, and safe blood transfusion became possible—and these clinical remedies were only available to infants who could access hospitals . Although physicians took a far more prominent and active role in the children's health movement after 1880, the American Academy of Pediatrics was not formed until 1930, much later than other institutional efforts to improve child health like the 1912 Children's Bureau.…”

Section: Factors Contributing To the Decline In Infant Mortality In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sources: UNICEF, World Health Organization 2015; Every Woman Every Child 2015; Every Woman Every Child 2012; UN Commission on Life‐Saving Commodities 2015; The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health 2011; Guiteras et al 2015; Arnold et al 2013; Dangour et al 2013; World Health Organization and UNICEF 2013; United Nations General Assembly 2015; World Health Organization 2014; United Nations General Assembly 2000; Abbott 1923; Tisdale 1933; Shapiro 1950; Condran and Crimmins‐Gardner 1978; Gaspari and Woolf 1985; Combs‐Orme 1988; Meckel 1990; Preston and Haines 1991; Fee 1994; Preston 1996; Hetzel 1950; Brosco 1999; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999; Almgren et al 2000; Fishback et al 2001; Stern and Markel 2002; Wolf 2003; Markel and Golden 2004; Condran and Lentzner 2004; Cutler and Miller 2005; Nathanson 2007; Lee 2007; Moehling and Thomasson 2012; Stoll 2013; Alsan and Goldin 2015; Bhutta and Black 2013; US Children's Bureau 1914; Darmstadt et al 2014 …”

Section: Then and Now: Comparing Infant Mortality Reduction Efforts Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, even efforts to promote the adoption of effective, low‐cost improvements to water quality and sanitation have been largely unsuccessful, and a greater focus has been placed on addressing diarrhea and stunting directly (see Table ). For example, in 1978, an editorial in The Lancet called ORT “potentially the most important medical advance of the 20th century,” and since that time approximately a million lives per year have been saved by ORT . However, a status quo in which ORT is used as a permanent substitute for clean water and sanitation systems has become acceptable, and the interventions currently used in LMICs to improve sanitation described in Table operate largely at the individual or household level, concerned with the provision of commodities and with education and behavior change.…”

Section: Then and Now: Comparing Infant Mortality Reduction Efforts Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Learning From History About Reducing Infant Mortality: Contrasting the Centrality of Structural Interventions to Early 20th‐Century Successes in the United States to Their Neglect in Current Global Initiatives

2019

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Current efforts to reduce infant mortality and improve infant health in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) can benefit from awareness of the history of successful early 20th‐century initiatives to reduce infant mortality in high‐income countries, which occurred before widespread use of vaccination and medical technologies. Improvements in sanitation, civil registration, milk purification, and institutional structures to monitor and reduce infant mortality played a crucial role in the decline in infant mortality seen in the United States in the early 1900s. The commitment to sanitation and civil registration has not been fulfilled in many LMICs. Structural investments in sanitation and water purification as well as in civil registration systems should be central, not peripheral, to the goal of infant mortality reduction in LMICs. Context Between 1915 and 1950, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in the United States declined from 100 to fewer than 30 deaths per 1,000 live births, prior to the widespread use of medical technologies and vaccination. In 2015 the IMR in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) was 53.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is comparable to the United States in 1935 when IMR was 55.7 deaths per 1,000 live births. We contrast the role of public health institutions and interventions for IMR reduction in past versus present efforts to reduce infant mortality in LMICs to critically examine the current evidence base for reducing infant mortality and to propose ways in which lessons from history can inform efforts to address the current burden of infant mortality. Methods We searched the peer‐reviewed and gray literature on the causes and explanations behind the decline in infant mortality in the United States between 1850 and 1950 and in LMICs after 2000. We included historical analyses, empirical research, policy documents, and global strategies. For each key source, we assessed the factors considered by their authors to be salient in reducing infant mortality. Findings Public health programs that played a central role in the decline in infant mortality in the United States in the early 1900s emphasized large structural interventions like filtering and chlorinating water supplies, building sanitation systems, developing the birth and death registration area, pasteurizing milk, and also educating mothers on infant care and hygiene. The creation of new institutions and policies for infant health additionally provided technical expertise, mobilized resources, and engaged women's groups and public health professionals. In contrast, contemporary literature and global policy documents on reducing infant mortality in LMICs have primarily focused on interventions at the individual, household, and health facility level, and on the widespread adoption of cheap, ostensibly accessible, and simple technologies, often at the cost of leaving the structural conditions that determine child survival largely untouched. Conclusions Current discourses on infant mortality are not informed by lessons from hist...

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Section: Factors Contributing To the Decline In Infant Mortality In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Contributing To the Decline In Infant Mortality In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Then and Now: Comparing Infant Mortality Reduction Efforts Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Then and Now: Comparing Infant Mortality Reduction Efforts Imentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Learning From History About Reducing Infant Mortality: Contrasting the Centrality of Structural Interventions to Early 20th‐Century Successes in the United States to Their Neglect in Current Global Initiatives

2019

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“…Ces taux de mortalité infantile sont à comparer au taux actuel en France : 3,3 ‰ en 2014 mais aussi dans le monde : Sierra Leone 117 ‰, Angola ou en République Démocratique du Congo 100 ‰ [12] . Heureusement, du 18 ème siècle au début du 20 ème siècle le taux de mortalité infantile a baissé régulièrement à partir du milieu du siècle : en France, il était de 167 pour mille en 1881, 139 pour mille en 1900, en Angleterre, les chiffres correspondants étaient de 129 pour mille et 138 pour mille puis 118 pour mille en 1907 ; aux USA, ce taux était de 160‰ en 1900 [13] . Le taux de mortalité infanto-juvénile (c'est-à-dire avant 5 ans) a aussi baissé de façon spectaculaire.…”

Section: Morbidité Et Mortalité Des Enfantsunclassified

Naissance de la pédiatrie au 19 e siècle

Baudon

2017

La Presse Médicale

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Pediatrics began under the most unfavorable conditions that are difficult to imagine nowadays. Children at the start of the 19th century were considered as negligible. The death rate was tremendous, increased by the work of children in factories as soon as 6 years of age in textile industries. In upper classes, infants were fed by a wet nurse, far from their parents and death rate was high as well. The emergence of pediatrics was the result of work carried out in adult medicine in the first half of the 19th century: clinical anatomic method, knowledge of contagious diseases even before the discovery of bacteria, birth of bacteriology. During the whole century, infectious diseases contributed in a large part to children mortality, as that of adults, by cholera, typhus, variola, diphtheria, measles and tuberculosis. Progresses noted during the 2nd part of the century resulted from beginning of hygiene, antisepsis, nutrition improvement, taking consideration of children as human being asking for protection. In contrast, therapeutics as serotherapy, vaccinations at the break of the 20th century played a secondary role.

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Child Health Policy and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sharfstein

2021

JAMA Health Forum

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American Pediatric Society 2013 presidential address: 125th anniversary of the American Pediatric Society—lessons from the past to guide the future

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Learning From History About Reducing Infant Mortality: Contrasting the Centrality of Structural Interventions to Early 20th‐Century Successes in the United States to Their Neglect in Current Global Initiatives

Learning From History About Reducing Infant Mortality: Contrasting the Centrality of Structural Interventions to Early 20th‐Century Successes in the United States to Their Neglect in Current Global Initiatives

Naissance de la pédiatrie au 19 e siècle

Child Health Policy and the COVID-19 Pandemic

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