Amides, Fatty Acid

Abstract

Fatty acid amides, which contain a saturated or unsaturated alkyl chain derived from a fatty acid, can be divided into three categories. The first is primary monoamides in which R is a fatty alkyl or alkenyl chain of C 5 C 23 and R′ = R″ = H. The second is substituted monoamides, including secondary, tertiary, and alkanolamides in which R is a fatty alkyl or alkenyl chain of C 5 C 23 ; R′ and R″ may be a hydrogen, fatty alkyl, aryl, or alkylene oxide condensation groups with at least one alkyl, aryl, or alkylene oxide group. The third category is bisamides where R groups are fatty alkyl or alkenyl chains. R′ and R″ may be hydrogen, fatty alkyl, aryl, or alkylene oxide condensation groups. Primary and secondary amides show strong hydrogen bonding that account for their high melting points and low solubilities in most solvents. With tertiary amides (disubstituted amides), hydrogen bonding is not possible, as exhibited by their increased solubility and lower melting points. Many fatty acid amides are essentially insoluble in water. Amides have a strong tendency to reduce friction on various surfaces by forming a layer on surfaces. This coating action may be attributed to their hydrophobic character and strong hydrogen bonding. Primary, secondary, and bisamides are widely used as lubricating or slip agents and alkanolamides. Their ethoxylated counterparts are commonly used as surfactants in personal care and detergent applications. Amides in general are stable to elevated processing temperatures, air oxidation, and dilute acids and bases. The dehydration of amides that produces nitriles is of great commercial value. The most widely used synthetic route for primary amides is the reaction of a fatty acid with anhydrous ammonia. Alkanol amides are made from triglycerides or fatty acid methyl esters reacted with monoethanolamine or diethanolamine that then can be ethoxylated with ethylene oxide under basic catalyses. Common products are stearamide, cocamide, ethylene bis(stearamide), cocamide, DEA or MEA, cocamidopropyl dimethyl amine, and cocamide monoethanolamine ethoxylate.

Catalytic Hydration of Benzonitrile and Acetonitrile using Nickel(0)

“…A closely related example of catalytic nitrile hydration proceeding through direct hydroxo nucleophilic attack over h 1 -NCR coordinated nitrile to the molybdenum(IV) complex [(Me-Cp) 2 Mo(h 1 -NCR)(OH)] þ , has also been reported by Tylers group.…”

“…[1] ð1Þ Amides exhibit a quite broad range of industrial applications (foam boosting and stabilization, emulsification, detergency, viscosity modification, lubricity, antistatic properties, corrosion inhibition, wetting, etc. ), [2] and as such, the search for reagent systems that perform this conversion selectively and efficiently, under mild conditions, continues to be a challenge. Moreover, amides in general constitute excellent intermediates and raw materials for synthetic organic chemistry.…”

“…[3] In particular, the lability of the amide C À N bond accounts for its fast hydrolysis under basic or acid catalysts, [4] regenerating the parent carboxylic acid and an amine, if the amide is N-substituted, or ammonia if it is not [Eq. (2)]. [3] ð2Þ…”

Reliable method for safety assessment of melting points of energetic compounds

“…For deriving of adjustable coefficients and testing of the new model, the measured melting points of 288 compounds of different classes of energetic molecules were collected from different sources (Johansson, 2004;Keshavarz et al, 2011;Linstrom and Mallard, 2001) that are given in Table S1 (supplementary information).…”

Ruthenium(II) complexes of hybrid 8‐hydroxyquinoline–thiosemicarbazone ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications

“…[7] They are routinely prepared through the union of carboxylic acids and derivatives (halides, anhydrides or esters) with amines. [8] However, these classical methods present several drawbacks, such as the use of toxic, corrosive and/or expensive materials, highly exothermic reactions, low tolerance to sensitive functional groups, complex reaction conditions and wasteful procedures. New, efficient and sustainable synthetic routes for this important class of compounds therefore need to be made available.…”