“…[144,[151][152][153] Both modes of multilayer formation can contribute to the build-up of an amorphous, organic, insulating layer on the surface of the electrode. [144,[151][152][153] Methodologies to prevent or minimalize multilayer formation have been reported, such as the use and subsequent cleavage of bulky protecting groups, [154] sterically hindering the 3,5-positionso f the aryl diazonium salt, [155] and addition of the radical scavenger 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to quenche xcess aryl radicals. [152,153] In the contexto fb ioelectrochemistry,d iazonium electrode modifications can be used to induce protein adsorption through non-covalent interactions in as imilar manner to that achieved using unmodified PGE or SAMs on gold.…”