Ammonium Polyphosphate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide and Zinc Borate as Highly Efficient Flame Retardant Nanofillers for Polypropylene

Gao, Yanshan; Wang, Qiang; Lin, Weiran

doi:10.3390/polym10101114

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These results were compatible with the composition of the F3 formulation used for zirconia NPs, ammonium polyphosphate, boric acid, chitosan, and melamine. These results are in good agreement with previously reported results [52].…”

Section: Eds Analysissupporting

confidence: 94%

Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings

et al. 2019

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Zirconia (ZrO2)-based flame retardant coatings were synthesized through the process of grinding, mixing, and curing. The flame retardant coatings reinforced with zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) were prepared at four different formulation levels marked by F0 (without adding ZrO2 NPs), F1 (1% w/w ZrO2 NPs), F2 (2% w/w ZrO2 NPs), and F3 (3% w/w ZrO2 NPs) in combination with epoxy resin, ammonium polyphosphate, boric acid, chitosan, and melamine. The prepared formulated coatings were characterized by flammability tests, combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, char residues were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the controlled sample filled with functionalized ZrO2 NPs was observed to decrease dramatically with increasing functionalized ZrO2 NPs loadings. There was an increase in the limit of oxygen index (LOI) value with the increase in the weight percentage of ZrO2 NPs. The UL-94V data clearly revealed a V-1 rating for the F0 sample; however, with the addition of ZrO2 NPs, the samples showed enhanced properties with a V-0 rating. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that addition of ZrO2 NPs Improved composite coating thermal stability at 800 °C by forming high residual char. The results obtained here reveal that the addition of ZrO2 NPs in the formulated coatings has shown the excellent impact as flame retardant coatings.

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Section: Eds Analysissupporting

confidence: 94%

Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings

et al. 2019

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“…However, by mixing more than two FRs, a synergstic effect occurs and a strong char layer is formed during the burning process. Gao, Y. et al (2018) have investigated the flame retardancy of PP treated with ammonium phosphate (APP) intercalated LDHs and zinc borate (ZB) and 10 wt.% of APP-LDH combined with 2 wt.% of ZB decreased PHRR for 42% compared to pristine PP [ 163 ]. A paper published by Xu, S. et al (2020) [ 159 ] showed much higher nanofiller loading due to the usage of FR complex made of hydrotalcite LDH intercalated with sodium alginate (SA) into its interlayer space followed by melt blending with a PP polymer.…”

Section: Flame Retardant Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

2021

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This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.

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“…LDHs have been used as acid scavengers [ 17 ], in the pharmaceutical industry [ 18 ], as antioxidants [ 19 ], in biomedical applications [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], as UV-Vis absorption materials [ 12 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], in photovoltaic and solar cells [ 26 ], in supercapacitors [ 27 ], in sensors [ 28 ], in wastewater treatments [ 29 ], as precursors for photocatalytic materials [ 30 , 31 ], as catalysts [ 18 , 32 ], as stabilizers in polymers [ 33 , 34 ] and as flame retardants for polymers [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. LDHs can be used for different purposes—as coolants and in producing diluents for flammable gas [ 39 ], as flame retardants providing resistance to ignition [ 40 ], or they can provide an alternate way of combustion with a slower rate of flame spread and can reduce the quantity of smoke [ 18 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Layered Double Hydroxide (MgFeAl-LDH)-Based Polypropylene (PP) Nanocomposite: Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation

et al. 2021

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This work analyzes the thermal degradation and mechanical properties of iron (Fe)-containing MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Ternary metal (MgFeAl) LDHs were prepared using the urea hydrolysis method, and Fe was used in two different concentrations (5 and 10 mol%). Nanocomposites containing MgFeAl-LDH and PP were prepared using the melt mixing method by a small-scale compounder. Three different loadings of LDHs were used in PP (2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt%). Rheological properties were determined by rheometer, and flammability was studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 (V and HB). Color parameters (L*, a*, b*) and opacity of PP nanocomposites were measured with a spectrophotometer. Mechanical properties were analyzed with a universal testing machine (UTM) and Charpy impact test. The thermal behavior of MgFeAl-LDH/PP nanocomposites was studied using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of LDH/PP nanocomposites was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A decrease in melt viscosity and increase in burning rate were observed in the case of iron (Fe)-based PP nanocomposites. A decrease in mechanical properties interpreted as increased catalytic degradation was also observed in iron (Fe)-containing PP nanocomposites. Such types of LDH/PP nanocomposites can be useful where faster degradation or faster recycling of polymer nanocomposites is required because of environmental issues.

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Ammonium Polyphosphate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide and Zinc Borate as Highly Efficient Flame Retardant Nanofillers for Polypropylene

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings

Enhanced Thermal Properties of Zirconia Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

Layered Double Hydroxide (MgFeAl-LDH)-Based Polypropylene (PP) Nanocomposite: Mechanical Properties and Thermal Degradation

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