Amorphous Structures and Kinetics of Phosphorous Incorporation in Electrodeposited Ni-P Thin Films

Abstract

Microstructures and mechanisms of phosphorous incorporation into electrodeposited Ni-P thin films are studied using X-ray diffraction ͑XRD͒ and electron probe microanalyzer ͑EPMA͒. An atomic pair distribution function calculated from the XRD pattern exhibits the nearest neighbor distance of 2.5 Å and a split double peak at the second neighbor distance that is observed in amorphous structures. The electrodeposited Ni-P alloy is found to have an amorphous structure similar to rapid-quenched Ni-P alloys. The phosphorous concentrations in the Ni-P deposits measured by EPMA decrease with an increase in current densities. The dependence of the phosphorous concentration on the current density is analyzed with respect to the kinetics of chemical reactions in Ni-P electrodeposition. The experimental result agrees well with a solution of rate equations that describe the indirect incorporation of phosphorous.

Role of p-Hydroxybenzhydrazide Additive in Electrodeposition of Thin NiP Film Used as a Nonmagnetic Spacer in Laminated (CoFe/NiP) Nano Structures

“…1 in Ref. 25) which demonstrate that the indirect mechanism is favored at the low current density and direct mechanism at the higher current density. Figure 5-right shows the effect of thickness, from 2 to 200 nm, obtained at the current density of 1.5 mA/cm 2 .…”

“…The dissociation reaction is presumably shifted toward product formation due to the fast following reactions including an acid-base reaction and/or reduction of H + at the electrode surface. Generally, high bulk concentration of protons is needed-in the so the called induced codeposition of NiP 23 -for the reduction of H 3 PO 3 to phosphorus, regardless of the mechanism for incorporation of P into NiP film., 24,25 i.e. direct reduction at the electrode (Eqs.…”

Periodical Distribution of Discrete Gold Islands in Electrodeposition

“…The typical IDF plot in Fig. (2b) shows an oscillatory behavior that indicates a periodical distribution [15] of the gold islands. The presence of oscillation similar to that in the PDF plot [15] indicates a useful tool for the analysis of distribution of islands.…”

“…(2b) shows an oscillatory behavior that indicates a periodical distribution [15] of the gold islands. The presence of oscillation similar to that in the PDF plot [15] indicates a useful tool for the analysis of distribution of islands. The first peak in the PDF plot is interpreted as the nearest neighbor distance of atoms [10,15].…”

Effect Of Low-Temperature Annealing On The Properties Of Ni-P Amorphous Alloys Deposited Via Electroless Plating

“…The PDF is a measure of the probability of finding an atom at a distance r from another atom [26]. The surface morphology after polarized was observed by a SUPRA TM 55 field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and the chemical composition of the Ni-P coatings was determined via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).…”