Amygdalin isolated from Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) extracts induces the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines

Abstract

BackgroundThe Chinese medicine formulation ISF-1 (also known as Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang) for post-stroke rehabilitation could increase the expression of growth-regulating protein follistatin by approximately 4-fold. This study aims to identify the active compounds of ISF-1 for the induction of follistatin expression.MethodsActive compounds in ISF-1 responsible for induction of follistatin were identified by a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure involving liquid-liquid extraction, HPLC separation and RT-PCR detection. The aqueous extracts of seven ISF-1 ingredients including Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) and the S. Persicae-derived fractions were assayed for the induction of follistatin mRNA expression in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by RT-PCR. The concentrations of isolated compounds were proportionally normalized to the reported IC50 concentration (5.8 mg/mL) of the formulation ISF-1 in HepG2. The active fractions were characterized by reverse-phase HPLC on a C18 column and identified by mass spectrometry.ResultsThree ingredients of ISF-1, namely S. Persicae (Tao Ren), Pheretima (Di Long), and Flos Carthami (Hong Hua), induced the expression of follistatin mRNA. Among these, the ingredient S. Persicae were the most active, and amygdalin from S. Persicae extract was identified as a novel follistatin inducer. Amygdalin stimulated the growth of skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.ConclusionsAmygdalin isolated from S. Persicae extract in ISF-1 through a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure induced the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines.

Identification of chemical constituents and rat metabolites of Kangxianling granule by HPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS

“…Thus, compound 4 was tentatively characterized as prunasin (Ge et al ., ). Both amygdalin and prunasin are the main active components of Taoren (Yang et al ., ). Ginsenoside‐Ro ( 16 ) and chikusetsu saponin IVa ( 19 ) were confirmed by comparison with reference compounds and both of them were from Niuxi (Li et al ., ).…”

Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata Induce Bladder Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Signaling Pathway through Downregulating miR‐155 Expression

“…Dried powder samples of aqueous herbal extracts ( Hedyotis diffusa and Scutellaria barbata ) were purchased from Xian Changyue Ltd. (Xian, China). The herbal extract preparation was prepared by the following steps: first, the dried powder composition comprising Hedyotis diffusa and Scutellaria barbata (50 mg each) was dissolved and mixed into 5 mL of Milli Q water produced by Milli Q Synthesis A10 Water Purification System (EMD Millipore, Germany) at 70°C for 30 min under vortexing every 5 min; secondly, after cooling to room temperature, the insoluble materials were removed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm by an Eppendorf 5424 microcentrifuge (Eppendorf AG, Germany) for 10 min; thirdly, the supernatant was recovered and sterilized by passage through a syringe filter with a 0.22 μ m (Pall, New York, USA) membrane; finally, the supernatants of herbal extracts were stored at −20°C for further use [ 17 , 18 ].…”

N-Propargyl Caffeamide Skews Macrophages Towards a Resolving M2-Like Phenotype Against Myocardial Ischemic Injury via Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Inhibiting NF-ĸB Pathway

“…The cell viability was evaluated by a standard colorimetric assay using 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) as previously described [27]. Briefly, the cells were treated with caffeic acid derivatives at the indicated concentrations for the indicated times.…”