An accurate model for a lead‐acid cell suitable for real‐time environments applying control volume method

Abstract

The accurate simulation of battery cells is of growing interest in automotive industry especially in hybrid vehicle technology. Conventional lumped parameter models are not able to predict the battery voltage accurately. Thus models describing the physics of the battery cell are searched. In this paper a model consisting of six partial differential equations is proposed, which predicts the state of charge (SOC) and the battery voltage for given charge and discharge current densities.

An innovative computational algorithm for simulation of lead-acid batteries

“…To have a unique solution, one should specify a value for potential in one point; for example φ s = 0 at the center of the positive electrode. Then φ l at the center of positive electrode can be obtained using compatibility equation [10]. All the potentials are calculated related to this reference potential.…”

Parameter identification for a complex lead-acid battery model by combining fuzzy control and stochastic optimization

“…To solve this set of differential equations the control volume method as described in [3,5,8] is applied.…”

“…The values of the remaining coefficients are treated with the parameter identification algorithm described next. For a more detailed description of the model the reader is referred to [1][2][3][4][5].…”

“…The used battery model (based on [1][2][3][4][5]) describes a single lead-acid battery cell with starved electrolyte. Originated on electrical, chemical, thermal, physical and material transport phenomena the formulation is based on a macroscopic description of porous electrodes.…”

“…Its nonlinear behavior under various operating conditions has to be considered for the implementation of new drive concepts. Various models for lead-acid batteries exist which are based on a detailed description of the electrochemical, thermal, and transport processes in the battery [1][2][3][4][5]. The models consist of systems of partial differential equations that are highly nonlinear and depend on several different parameters.…”