An Adaptable Train-to-Ground Communication Architecture Based on the 5G Technological Enabler SDN

Abstract

Railway communications are closely impacted by the evolution and availability of new wireless communication technologies. Traditionally, the critical nature of railway services, the long lifecycle of rolling stock, and their certification processes challenge the adoption of the latest communication technologies. A current railway telecom trend to solve this problem is to design a flexible and adaptable communication architecture that enables the detachment of the railway services—at the application layer—and the access technologies underneath, such as 5G and beyond. One of the enablers of this detachment approach is software-defined networking (SDN)—included in 5G architecture—due to its ability to programmatically and dynamically control the network behavior via open interfaces and abstract lower-level functionalities. In this paper, we design a novel railway train-to-ground (T2G) communication architecture based on the 5G technological enabler SDN and on the transport-level redundancy technique multipath TCP (MPTCP). The goal is to provide an adaptable and multitechnology communication service while enhancing the network performance of current systems. MPTCP offers end-to-end (E2E) redundancy by the aggregation of multiple access technologies, and SDN introduces path diversity to offer a resilient and reliable communication. We carry out simulation studies to compare the performance of the legacy communication architecture with our novel approach. The results demonstrate a clear improvement in the failover response time while maintaining and even improving the uplink and downlink overall data rates.

Research on the General Algorithm and Benefit of Real-Time Positioning Advertising System—Based on the Use of 5G Base Station Data

“…Still, in terms of advertising systems that can be found on the market, no system can achieve this type of advertising (see Figure 5). The main reason lies in the difficulty of collecting location information, and the audience that can be reached based on the location is not broad enough [14][15][16].…”

“…Still, in terms of advertising systems that can be found on the market, no system can achieve this type of advertising (see Figure 5). The main reason lies in the difficulty of collecting location information, and the audience that can be reached based on the location is not broad enough [14][15][16]. These advertisement requirements, as mentioned above, are all business problems that cannot be implemented or are costly to implement in the current advertising market.…”

5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices

“…Current cellular networks follow a centralized approach, while edge communications bring resources close to the UE. Despite some issues, the edge communications based solutions, that is, mobile-edge computing (MEC) [57,58], local area communication [59,60], and wide-area large-scale communications [61,62], are very promising, as shown in Table 7. Figure 12…”

Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM): Technologies and Applications

“…The work presented in the paper from Franco et al [4], addresses critical train communications, an increasingly important aspect of CCAM both for the automated trains and for the cooperation between trams and other vehicles. The paper presents an architecture based in 5G, SDN and on MPTCP to provide path diversity and end-to-end redundancy in order to contribute to a technology-independent and resilient communication service.…”