An All-Metallic Reflectarray and Its Element Design: Exploring the Radiation Characteristics of Antennas for Directional Beam Applications

Dual‐Band Reflectarray Antennas Using Integrated Resonant and Non‐Resonant Natures of Metallic Waveguide Elements at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

“…Also, the total reflections at the waveguide bottom create a $$\pi $$ phase shift. Detailed behaviors are referred to by Chou, Chen, & Ho (2018) and Chou et al. (2020).…”

“…Thus, the phases of the reflecting element mainly vary with respect to the position of the waveguide's open aperture, $${z}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$$, as interpreted by geometrical optics (GO) by Chou et al. (2015), Chou, Chen, and Ho (2018), and Lee et al. (2015), which gives $$$\phi \left({z}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}\right)=\left({k}_{z}^{s}-{k}_{z}^{i}\right){z}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}},$$$ where $${\overline{k}}_{s}=\left({k}_{x}^{s},{k}_{y}^{s},{k}_{z}^{s}\right)$$ is the vector wavenumber of the EM scattered field.…”

“…Metallic reflectarray antennas have good power efficiency and low fabrication cost to provide high antenna gain for propagation loss compensation in the air at millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies (An et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2011; Chou, & Liu, 2018; Chou, Chen, & Ho, 2018; Chou et al., 2015, 2016; Deng et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2017a; Lee & Yoon, 2017; Lee et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017; Yi et al., 2014). They are superior to the realizations of using PCB substrates, which are very lossy at mmW frequencies (Bozzi et al., 2004; Rajagopalan & Rahmat‐Samii, 2008).…”

PAPR-Limited Precoding in Massive MIMO Systems with Reflect- and Transmit-Array Antennas

“…where 0 ≤ β m ≤ 1. In practice, the passive elements apply quantized phase shifts; for example, architectures implemented by transmission lines [9], [10]. Hence, β m takes values from some set…”

“…Considering the above discussion, the RLS-based digital precoder with limited PAPR is given by (10) with given in (9) and some scalar µ rls . We refer to µ rls as the regularizer.…”