“…Therefore, one could have erroneously concluded that cost efficiency of Korean rice farms has been deteriorated, while it has been improved after netting out frontier shift and price change effects, 11,12 Our results are mostly consistent with expectations. Over the decades, the Korean government have implemented various cost-reduction policies to boost price competitiveness of Korean rice in the global rice market (Jeon & Kim, 2018;KREI, 2020). Such policies focus mainly on enhancing irrigation system, mechanization, consolidation of rice field, crop specialization, and farmer education.…”