“…This increasing demand for mobile data in 3G and 4G networks degrade the performance and quality of service (QoS) of cellular networks. While solutions such as deploying Wi-Fi access points and femtocell devices are possible, they are accompanied by various challenges (e.g., user mobility, the short communication range of wireless interfaces, and interferences) that may result in disruptions in communication links [117]. Mobile data offloading through opportunistic communication is a cost-effective solution since co-located users may want to access similar content [116] (e.g., downloading of popular applications).…”