An approach for generating the first order structure of multi-movable zoom lens

Generating zoom lens starting designs with particle swarm optimization and K-means clustering

“…For example, Monte Carlo (MC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based search methods have been developed for zoom lens starting design generation. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Particle swarm optimization is an optimization algorithm that mimics the foraging behavior of animals found in nature. PSO is a good choice for many optimization problems, as it is does not require a gradient to be calculated and is simple to understand and implement.…”