An approach for local net-load ramp rate control using integrated energy storage based on least square error minimization technique

Optimal Participation of Residential Aggregators in Energy and Local Flexibility Markets

“…In addition, this study integrates inter-hour and intra-hour interactions, grid connected and islanded operation, however, it disregards uncertainty and considers resources and load from a broad perspective without detailing building-or home-level integration. Other studies have also addressed the importance of managing ramping at the distribution level by smoothing net exchanges [17], [18]. In the case of [18], ramping capabilities are not traded locally but in traditional wholesale and ancillary markets.…”

“…The second term in the objective function corresponds to the piece-wise linearization of the battery degradation equivalent cost, in line with [37] and supported on constraints (9)- (17).…”

“…The model used to identify the adequate cost segment of the batteries' degradation linearized cost function is expressed by equations (9)- (17). Special ordered sets and auxiliary constraints/variables are used to identify the beginning of charging cycles, expressed by binary variable…”

“…Each trial corresponds to a deterministic optimization problem. Cycling constraints (9)- (17) are included in the model, and the equivalent degradation cost (C cyc ) is calculated after the optimization process with the last term of equation (1).…”

“…MILP problems, such as those presented in this work, can be difficult to solve depending on the problem structure, the number of constraints and the number of binary variables. For this specific case, the binary variables are related to the modeling of the degradation costs of the battery (equations (4)- (17)) and impose additional computational complexity. The test case results in 3,456 binary variables in order to include the piece-wise cost linearization.…”