An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco

Collins, PM; Lawrence, W.W.; Williams, John F

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0287

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung / Contributions to Tobacco Research

1972

DOI: 10.2478/cttr-2013-0287

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An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco

PM Collins¹,

W.W. Lawrence²,

John F Williams³

Abstract: A procedure for the automated determination of ammonia in tobacco has been developed. Ammonia is extracted from the ground tobacco sample with water and is determined with a Technicon Auto Analyser system which employs separation of the ammonia through volatilization followed by colourimetry using the phenate-hypochlorite reaction. The procedure has been applied to a variety of tobaccos containing from 0.02 to 0.5 % ammonia with an overall relative standard deviation of 2 %. The accuracy of the procedure as ju… Show more

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1984

2007

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Cited by 3 publications

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Microbial Community Structure and Dynamics of Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco Fermentation

Giacomo¹,

Paolino²,

Silvestro³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Italian Toscano cigar production includes a fermentation step that starts when dark fire-cured tobacco leaves are moistened and mixed with ca. 20% prefermented tobacco to form a 500-kg bulk. The dynamics of the process, lasting ca. 18 days, has never been investigated in detail, and limited information is available on microbiota involved. Here we show that Toscano fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in temperature, pH, and total microbial population; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, citric and malic acids, and nitrate content; and (iii) an increase in oxalic acid, nitrite, and tobacco-specific nitrosamine content. The microbial community structure and dynamics were investigated by culture-based and cultureindependent approaches, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and single-strand conformational polymorphism. Results demonstrate that fermentation is assisted by a complex microbial community, changing in structure and composition during the process. During the early phase, the moderately acidic and mesophilic environment supports the rapid growth of a yeast population predominated by Debaryomyces hansenii. At this stage, Staphylococcaceae (Jeotgalicoccus and Staphylococcus) and Lactobacillales (Aerococcus, Lactobacillus, and Weissella) are the most commonly detected bacteria. When temperature and pH increase, endospore-forming low-G؉C content gram-positive bacilli (Bacillus spp.) become evident. This leads to a further pH increase and promotes growth of moderately halotolerant and alkaliphilic Actinomycetales (Corynebacterium and Yania) during the late phase. To postulate a functional role for individual microbial species assisting the fermentation process, a preliminary physiological and biochemical characterization of representative isolates was performed.

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Microbial Community Structure and Dynamics of Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco Fermentation

Giacomo¹,

Paolino²,

Silvestro³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

Sakuma

Kusama

Yamaguchi

et al. 1984

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYYidds in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribu~ tion ratios (SS/MS) of 34 bases were examined from four types of cigarettes made from Bright, Hurley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Irrespective of to· bacco variety, major bases in sidestream smoke were am~ monia, nicotine, 3-vinylpyridine, pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine, and those in mains.tream smoke were nicotine, 3-hydroxypyridine, ammonia, 3-picoline and pyridine. SS/ MS ratios of the bases were generally larger than 1.0 and the largest SS/MS ratio was that of ammonia, followed by those of 3-vinylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, nicotyrine and pyridine in that order. The preponderance of bases in sidestream smoke over mainstream smoke might be one of the major causes for the differences in aroma and irritation between sidenream smoke and mainstream smoke. Hauptstromrauch-Verbaltnis der Hasen lag im allgemeinen Uber 1,0, wobei fUr Ammoniak der hOcbste Wert gefunden wurde und 3· Vinylpyridin, 3-Cyanpyri· din, Nicotyrin und Pyridin mit jeweils abnehmenden Werten folgten. Der hinsichdich Aroma und Reizwirkung zwischen Haupt-und Nebenstromrauch :zu beobachtende Unterschied kOnnte unter anderem vor allem auch darin begriindet sein, daB im Nebenstromrauch Hasen in stirkerem AusmaB vorkommen als im Hauptstromrauch. RESUME Prellant des echantillons de cigarettes confectionnees a partir de 4 types de tabac differents (Virginie, Hurley, tabac turc et variete locale de tabac japonais Matsu· kawa), on determina 34 bases dans le courant principal (MS) et le courant secondaire (SS) de la fumee et l'on calcula le rapport flux secondaire I flux principal (SS/ MS). IndCpendamment du type de tabac etudie, les bases presentes en plus grandes quantites dans le courant secondaire de la fumee etaient: l'ammoniaque, la nicotine, la 3-vinylpyridine, la pyridine et la 3-hydroxypyridine, alors que, dans le courant principal, on trouvait surtout de la nicotine, de la 3-hydroxypyridine, de l'ammoniaque, de la 3-picoline et de la pyridine. Le rap· port flux secondaire I flux principal, concernant les bases, se situait generalement au-dessus de 1,0; le taux le plus eleve fut atteint par l'ammoniaque suivie dans l'ordre par la 3-vinylpyridine, la 3-cyanopyridine, la nicotyrine et la pyridine. Les differences observees entre la fumee du ,flux principal et la fumee du flux secondaire, eu egard a l'arOme et a l'effect irritant, pourraient s'expliquer entre autres, par une plus grande quantitC de bases contenue dans le flux secondaire plutOt que dans le flux principal.

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Automated Tobacco Investigation Using Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) - AutomatisierteTabakuntersuchungmittelsFliessinjektionsanalyse (FlA)

Finster

Hollweg

Kausch

et al. 1988

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMit Hilfe der Fließinjektionsanalyse (FIA) wurden wäßrige Tabakauszüge auf die Inhaltsstoffe Nikotin, Nitrat, Chlorid, Ammonium und Phosphat untersucht. Die Ergebnisse erwiesen sich größtenteils als exakt und reproduzierbar, die Analysengeschwindigkeit lag zwischen 37 und 113 Messungen je Stunde. Aufgrund der modularen, einfachen Bauweise ist das Gerät flexibel einsetzbar und vor allem für eine Mehrkomponentenanalyse kleinerer Probenserien geeignet. Eine spezielle Fll\-Technik ("stopped flow"-Methode) ermöglicht es, die von der Probenmatrix stammende Untergrundabsorption auszuschließen. Es ist erforderlich, daß die verwendeten Lösungen eine einheitliche Flüssigkeitszu-sammensetzung aufweisen und die Bildung von Gasblasen im Analysensystem ausgeschlossen wird. SUMMARYWatery tobacco extracts were examined with the aid of flow-injection analysis (FIA) for the substances nicotine, nitrate, chloride, ammonium and phosphate. Tbe results proved to be exact and reproducible for the most part and the speed of analysis was between 37 and 113 measurements per hour. Because of its simple mod- ular design the appliance is flexible in its application and is above all suited for the analysis for several components in small series of samples. A special FIA tecbnique (stopped-flow method) enables the undersurface absorption stemming from the sample matrix to be excluded. The solutions used must exhibit uniform fluid composition and the formation of gas bubbles in the analysis system must be excluded.

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An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Microbial Community Structure and Dynamics of Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco Fermentation

Microbial Community Structure and Dynamics of Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco Fermentation

The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases

Automated Tobacco Investigation Using Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) - AutomatisierteTabakuntersuchungmittelsFliessinjektionsanalyse (FlA)

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