An E coli microsuspension assay for the detection of DNA damage induced by direct‐acting agents and promutagens

McCarroll, Nancy; Piper, Charles E.; Keech, B. H.

doi:10.1002/em.2860030404

Cited by 58 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…The genotoxic potential of n-hexane was tested for mutation (Mortelmans et al 1986) as well as DNA damage and repair (McCarroll et al 1981a(McCarroll et al , 1981b) using bacterial assays. These tests all produced negative results, and n-hexane was not considered to have mutagenic potential.…”

Section: Genetic Toxicity Studies Of N-hexanementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only fetal effects in developmental toxicity studies were developmental delays at maternally toxic levels (Daughtrey et al 1994a, Johnson et al 2012, Kreckmann et al 2000, and reproductive toxicity tests provided no evidence of impairment of fertility , Daughtrey et al 1994a, Kreckmann et al 2000, Yu et al 2011. These solvents are not active in tests for mutagenic activity (Brooks et al 1988, Daughtrey et al 1994b, Galvin and Marashi 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, Kirwin et al 1980, 1991, Loury et al 1986, McCarroll et al 1981a, 1981b, Mortelmans et al 1986, Richardson et al 1986). Chronic exposure to commercial hexane resulted in an increase in liver tumors in female mice, but it did not increase the frequency of tumors in male mice or in rats of either gender (Daughtrey et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Genetic Toxicity Studies Of N-hexanementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Several in vitro tests with S. Typhimurium with and without metabolic activation and other bacterial models have given uniformly negative results (Hemmerly and Demerec, 1955;Rosenkranz and Poirier, 1979;McCarroll et al, 1981a;McCarroll et al, 1981b). These results were confirmed in a study using S. Typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1535 with and without metabolic activation using the preincubation method in doses up to 1 000 µg/plate (Kwon et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methyl Carbamatementioning

confidence: 87%

“…Except for one report of a 'slight mutagenic effect' at the PRO1 locus of E. coli strain WP-14 at Pro-1 locus, but not in three other strains (Hemmerly and Demerec, 1955), all available reports in the literature indicate that MC is not mutagenic in E. coli or Bacillus (Hemmerly and Demerec, 1955;de Giovanni-Donnelly et al, 1967;Rosenkranz and Poirier, 1979;McCarroll et al, 1981a;McCarroll et al, 1981b).…”

Section: Methyl Carbamatementioning

confidence: 97%

Scientific opinion on the re‐evaluation of dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC, E 242) as a food additive

2015

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC, E 242) when used as a food additive. DMDC is authorised for the treatment of various beverages at a level of up to 250 mg/L. Once in solution, DMDC rapidly and fully hydrolysed (into carbon dioxide and methanol) and/or react with different constituents of beverages; the main identified reaction products are dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC) and methyl carbamate (MC). With no residue of DMDC remaining in the treated beverages ready for consumption, the risk resulting from DMDC use as a food additive was assessed by considering the exposure to methanol (a product of its hydrolysis) and to the main identified reaction products (DMC, MEC and MC). Taking into account several considerations (e.g. available toxicity database for the main identified reaction products, that the main identified reaction products belong to Cramer class I and the exposure to them remains below the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) with one exception for MEC for high-level consumers), the Panel concluded that it was not possible to derive an ADI from the available toxicological database, there is no indication for a safety concern from the use of DMDC (E 242) as a food additive at its currently reported uses and use levels and that a new assessment would be warranted in case of any change in the conditions of use. However, some recommendations were proposed. The use of DMDC for treatment of beverages has been evaluated by the SCF (1992, 1997, 2001) and by JECFA (1991a,b). Both Committees found the treatment of non-alcoholic beverages toxicologically acceptable with a treatment level (as ingoing amount) of 250 mg/L for non-alcoholic beverages and 200 mg/L for wine. No acceptable daily intake (ADI) was allocated. © EuropeanDMDC is a very reactive substance and is used to inactivate microorganisms. In aqueous solution, DMDC rapidly (half-life between 15 and 20 minutes at 20°C) and fully decomposes into carbon dioxide and methanol, after which no antimicrobial effect remains. With no residue of DMDC remaining in the treated beverage ready for consumption, there is no exposure of the consumers to the substance as such. Therefore, the risk resulting from the use or DMDC as a food additive was assessed considering the main identified reaction products in treated beverages (dimethyl carbonate (DMC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC) and methyl carbamate (MC)) and the products of hydrolysis of DMDC (methanol and carbon dioxide). Biological and toxicological data were available for MC, MEC and DMC. Detailed analysis of the biological and toxicological data on methanol has been provided by the Panel on its opinion on the re-evaluation of aspartame as a food additive (EFSA ANS Panel, 2013a). Several DMDC-treated beverages have been tested as models for the evaluation of the toxicity of potential reaction products, which may result fr...

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“…Studies indicate that xylene isomers, technical grade xylene or mixed xylene are not mutagenic in tests with Salmonella typhimurium (Florin et al, 1980;NTP, 1986;Bos et al, 1981) nor in mutant reversion assays with Escherichia coli (McCarroll et al, 1981). Technical grade xylene, but not o-and m-xylene, was weakly mutagenic in Drosophila recessive lethal tests.…”

Section: -34mentioning

confidence: 97%

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbo-contaminated soils, comprehensive report, December 1999

Hazen¹

2000

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have been cooperating in the development and implementation of innovative environmental remediation technologies since 1995. A major focus of this program has been the demonstration of bioremediation techniques to cleanup the soil and sediment associated with a waste lagoon at the Czechowice Oil Refinery (CZOR) in southern Poland. After an expedited site characterization (ESC), treatability study, and risk assessment study, a remediation system was designed that took advantage of local materials to minimize cost and maximize treatment efficiency. U.S. experts worked in tandem with counterparts from the IETU and CZOR throughout this project to characterize, assess and subsequently, design, implement and monitor a bioremediation system. The CZOR, our industrial partner for this project, was chosen because of their foresight and commitment to the use of new approaches for environmental restoration. This program sets a precedent for Poland in which a portion of the funds necessary to complete the project were provided by the company responsible for the problem. The CZOR was named by PIOS (State Environmental Protection Inspectorate of Poland) as one of the top 80 biggest polluters in Poland. The history of the CZOR dates back more than 100 years to its establishment by the Vacuum Oil Company (a U.S. company and forerunner of Standard Oil). More than a century of continuous use of a sulfuric acid-based oil refining method by the CZOR has produced an estimated 120,000 tons of acidic, highly weathered, petroleum sludge. This waste has been deposited into three open, unlined process waste lagoons, 3 meters deep, now covering 3.8 hectares. Initial analysis indicated that the sludge was composed mainly of high molecular weight paraffinic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall objective of this full-scale demonstration project was to characterize, assess and remediate one of these lagoons. The remediation tested and evaluated a combination of U.S. and Polish-developed biological remediation technologies. Specifically, the goal of the demonstration was to reduce the environmental risk from PAH compounds in soil and to provide a green zone (grassy area) adjacent to the site boundary. The site was characterized using the DOE-developed Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) methodology. Based on the results of the ESC, a risk assessment was conducted using established U.S. procedures. Based on the results of the ESC and risk assessment, a 0.3-hectare site, the smallest of the waste lagoons, was selected for a modified aerobic biopile demonstration. This Executive Summary and the supporting report and appendices document the activities and results of this cooperative venture. Site CharacterizationSite Characterization was conducted in the summer of 1996 using DOE-developed Expedited Site Characterization (ESC). ESC makes use of direct push technologies (e.g., cone penetrometer), on-site chemical analysis and real-time data display and interpretation to conduct rapid and efficient site characterization. This ap...

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An E coli microsuspension assay for the detection of DNA damage induced by direct‐acting agents and promutagens

Cited by 58 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Scientific opinion on the re‐evaluation of dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC, E 242) as a food additive

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbo-contaminated soils, comprehensive report, December 1999

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