“…IHTPs originally emerged in the late 1950s when it was found that the aerodynamic heating of space vehicles is so high during re-entry to the atmosphere that the surface temperature of the thermal shield cannot be measured directly using temperature sensors. Since then, IHTPs have been used to estimate all kinds of unknown quantities [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], including, among others, initial/boundary conditions, source terms, geometry, heat flux, and thermophysical properties.…”