An electrochemical immunosensor based on polyaniline microtubules and zinc gallinate for detection of human growth differentiation factor-15

Magneto-controlled electrochemical immunosensing platform to assess the senescence-associated GDF-15 marker in colorectal cancer

“…As it can be seen, the reported immunosensors [29][30][31][32] claimed lower LOD values than that achieved with the developed immunoplatform. However, all of them involved complex, long, and laborious protocols for their preparation and used nanomaterials.…”

“…This immunoplatform involves a sandwich-type immunoassay, enzymatic labeling with HRP and amperometric transduction at SPCEs, and represents a competitive alternative to other available methodologies for the simple and rapid quantification of GDF-15. Unlike other electrochemical immunoplatforms reported for the determination of GDF-15, all of them using integrated formats and focused on cardiovascular diseases, [29][30][31][32] the developed immunoplatform was applied to the identification and prognosis of CRC through the analysis of plasma samples.…”

“…Recently, electrochemical immunosensors have been harnessed for GDF-15 quantification, leveraging their unique attributes of sensitivity and selectivity. [29][30][31][32] However, despite their remarkably low detection limits and demonstrated applicability to the analysis of serum samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), these biosensors required the use of nanomaterials and lengthy manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the reported immunosensors for GDF-15 used glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs), whose use in electrochemical biosensing shows certain well-known limitations, such as susceptibility to fouling, incompatibility with miniaturization and multiplexing, and the requirement of exhaustive electrode surface pretreatment.…”