“…The compilation of relevant indices compilation is widely used in studying the social effects of digital economy by virtue of its high data availability, breadth of content coverage, and accounting treatment of indicators, which is more advantageous (Zhao et al, 2020;Ma et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2023). According to the published articles, we use the comprehensive index evaluation method to measure the level of digital technology development at the city level (Chen et al, 2022;Wang J. et al, 2023;Liu et al, 2022;Vaȓzaru, 2022;Chen Y. et al, 2023;Wang H. et al, 2023). Combining the availability of city-level data, this paper measures the comprehensive development level of digital technology in each city from five aspects: broadband Internet foundation, mobile Internet foundation, information industry factor inputs, telecommunication industry output, and digital inclusive finance.…”