An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH) 2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface,, and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH) 2 ” (U-(ACH) 2 ) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH) 2 to examine the performance of (ACH) 2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH) 2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH) 2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH) 2 , LEACH-(ACH) 2 , and SEP-(ACH) 2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.

Energy optimization using swarm intelligence for IoT-Authorized underwater wireless sensor networks

“…Recently more works were introduced on opportunistic data forwarding for UWSNs [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. The energy-efficient chain-based routing method had introduced in [32] for UWSNs.…”

“…The energy level differences were utilized in the second phase of data transmission. The energy-efficient techniques were introduced recently in [44] for smart city applications called IoT-authorized UWSNs. They considered different cases for routing mechanisms and proposed various variants for UWSNs.…”

A Directional Selective Power Routing Protocol for the Internet of Underwater Things

“…In an energy efficient routing approach for the IoUTs, researchers have used terrestrial based adaptive clustering protocols to enhance the delivery ratio and to reduce the energy consumption [39]. Here, an extension of a lifetime is achieved compared with the depth based routing.…”

IDBR: Iot Enabled Depth Base Routing Method for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

“…Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit (ACH) 2 that was observed in three identified dimensional areas in the underwater environment [1]. The researchers considered three cases: a single sink node on the water's surface, multiple sink nodes on the water's surface, and sink nodes both at and under the water.…”

“…The two-third part of planet Earth consists of water in various forms such as oceans, lakes, streams, rivers, and glaciers [1,2], containing an ample quantity of valuable resources. This shows the importance of exploring the underwater medium.…”