An Enhanced Approach to the Spatial and Statistical Analysis of Factors Influencing Spring Distribution on a Transboundary Karst Aquifer

Abstract

Karst aquifers are indispensable, yet vulnerable, resources; therefore, they require a comprehensive protection strategy. Since springs are the terminal points of the karst flow systems, knowledge of their distribution is a key element for the better understanding of groundwater flow, availability and vulnerability. The present study aims to introduce a data-driven analysis by the application of a spatial statistical technique (Weights of Evidence (WofE)) for the evaluation of factors influencing spring distribution in karst areas. A workflow was developed for investigating two questions: where will the springs locate, and where will the permanent springs evolve? This workflow has the potential for application to unconfined karst areas. This enhanced approach was applied to an unconfined transboundary aquifer, the Gömör–Torna Karst (HU and SK). The roles of five factors was statistically investigated: terrain elevation, distance to faults, distance of the carbonate–non-carbonate rock contact, distance to sinkholes, and precipitation distribution. The validation procedures confirmed the effectiveness of the approach. The resulting predictive maps are useful for decision-makers to delineate areas holding potential karst springs and to address water availability problems and protection measures. In addition, the WofE technique improved the comprehension of the geological conditions favourable for the formation of the springs.

Spatial Analysis of The Suitability In Number of TPS at Kelurahan Based on Area And Number of DPT In DKI Jakarta Election 2017

“…3, March, 2024 1132 village in DKI Jakarta. A P-value smaller than 0.01 indicates the variable significance of the area area and the number of polling stations is very significant (Iván, Stevenazzi, Pollicino, Masetti, & Mádl-Szőnyi, 2020).…”

Distribution and Characteristics of Springs in Two Neighboring Areas of Different Morphogenic Relief Type—Example of SW Medvednica Mountain (Central Croatia)

“…Previous research has shown that the occurrence of springs is the result of many spatial factors [2,[6][7][8][9][10], which is why it is difficult to predict their exact locations. Despite technological progress and the use of remote sensing in spring research [11][12][13][14], it is still relatively difficult to determine the exact locations of springs without proper fieldwork, especially in the case of relatively small springs, considering their size and discharge. For this reason, studies of mountain springs often require extensive fieldwork, especially for their mapping [2,8].…”

The effect of geomorphic and anthropogenic factors on the karst spring occurrence (case studies of central Zagros Mountain Range, Iran)

“…They indicate the end of underground river systems and the transition from surface uvial activities to surface uvial processes (Ford & Williams, 2007). As a result, springs exert major control over the operation of karst groundwater bodies (Iván et al, 2020). The distribution of springs is important for a better understanding of not just ow, but also karstic characteristics and groundwater susceptibility (Ghadimi et al, 2022;Iván and Mádl-Szőnyi, 2017;Zwahlen, 2003).…”

“…(Ozdemir, 2011) showed the LR model approach was employed to determine probable zones for groundwater springs in the Sultan Mountains in Turkey. (Iván et al, 2020) used the WE method to estimate the location of springs in Gömör-Torna in Eastern Europe. This method was used to provide a quantitative comprehension of the geological and structural conditions that support spring development.…”