Recent decades have seen high levels of investment, especially by the European Commission, in research and development projects to generate advanced information and communications technologies (ICTs) for the construction industry. The vision for these and many other related technological developments is that they offer powerful capabilities to the construction sector to enhance performance, reduce waste and improve competitiveness. There is growing recognition that to exploit the potential of ICT-enabled capabilities requires not just implementation of new technologies but the development of new ways of working. These new ways of working involve individuals, often in teams, developing patterns of communication and interaction to enable them to work collaboratively -overcoming the constraints of geography and of time.
DEFINITION OF COLLABORATIVE WORKINGCollaborative working has been defined in a variety of ways. At one end of the spectrum, it is seen as: the creation and use of information, stored within a model, by a project team to enable them to work closely together to achieve benefits such as the efficient development of design solutions, integrated cost planning and installation scheduling, defect-free construction, and so on. (Avanti, 2006) ICT from this perspective is seen as:enabling the development and maintenance of a single repository and source of data representing the asset -a 'common data environment ' -which contains data that is created with the use of CAD systems, analysis and simulation tools, planning tools, and so on, and input to or extracted from the model through an interface such as an extranet. (Avanti, 2006) Further, there is recognition that collaborative working involves more than data transfer: 'Collaboration is more than the ability to transfer data to one another in electronic form. Collaboration is a business process that engages the total project delivery team ' (Avanti, 2005) Avanti is an approach to collaborative working on projects that enables construction partners to work together effectively. The principles of collaborative working the Avanti way are: early access to all project information by all partners; early involvement of the supply chain; and sharing of project information, drawings and schedules, in an agreed and consistent manner. (Avanti, 2005) In the mechanistic approach adopted by Avanti, the focus is upon information management and the importance of standardization. Human interactions, social and cognitive activities are not identified as component parts of the collaborative process.A broader definition of collaborative working offered by Wilkinson (2005)
VISION FOR FUTURE USE OF ICTRecognition of the imperative to establish new ways of working in order to exploit information and communications technologies as collaborative working tools was articulated in 1998. Kikermo and Getty (1998) described their vision for the future as comprising the following elements:• coordination and alignment of work processes, organizational structures, and technology • in...