An evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus survival in individual feed ingredients in the presence or absence of a liquid antimicrobial

Dee, Scott; Neill, C.R.; Clement, Travis; Singrey, Aaron; Christopher‐Hennings, Jane; Nelson, Eric

doi:10.1186/s40813-015-0003-0

Cited by 54 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This indicates that some ingredients had an immediate effect on virus survival that caused a decrease before the incubation period even started. This immediate variation in virus survival was also observed in another experiment measuring on the survival of PEDV in various feed ingredients, with CT values ranging from 16 to 36 on the first day of incubation despite being inoculated with the same virus inoculum of a CT value of 16.3 [23]. This immediate variation in virus concentration could also indicate differences in percent recovery of virus using our modified elution method between the different viruses and feed ingredients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients

et al. 2017

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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV), and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) are major threats to swine health and contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. The objective of our study was to characterize inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed ingredient matrices. Samples of complete feed, spray dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed (5 g/sample) into scintillation vials and inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV. Samples were incubated at room temperature for up to 56 days. Aliquots were removed at various time points followed by preparing serial 10-fold dilutions and inoculating in cell cultures to determine the amount of surviving virus. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model, which estimates a delta value indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. Delta values of various ingredients were compared and analyzed as to their nutrient composition. Soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 days) for PEDV (P < 0.06) as compared with all other ingredients. High delta values (P < 0.001) were observed in soybean meal for PDCoV (42.04 days) and TGEV (42.00 days). There was a moderate correlation between moisture content and the delta value for PDCoV (r = 0.49, P = 0.01) and TGEV (r = 0.41, P = 0.02). There was also a moderate negative correlation between TGEV survival and ether extract content (r = -0.51, P = 0.01). In conclusion, these results indicate that the first log reduction of PDCoV and TGEV takes the greatest amount of time in soybean meal. In addition to this, moisture and ether content appear to be an important determinant of virus survival in feed ingredients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…These previous experiments compared the virus survival at stored external temperatures [23]. No studies have been conducted to evaluate PDCoV and TGEV survival among various types of feed ingredients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients

et al. 2017

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“…Due to low success rate of PDCoV VI in cell culture, currently PDCoV VI is not a reliable assay to determine whether infectious virus is present in a clinical specimen or if 'X' treatment will inactivate the virus. For PEDV, swine bioassay has been commonly used to assess infectivity of PEDV present in various samples, including feed and feed ingredients after disinfectant or other treatments (Bowman et al, 2015b;Dee et al, 2014b;Dee et al, 2015). Notably, some samples were PEDV VI negative after treatment but swine bioassay positive (Dee et al, 2015), emphasizing the importance and necessity of performing swine bioassay to reliably determine virus infectivity of a sample.…”

Section: Swine Bioassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine deltacoronavirus: Overview of infection dynamics, diagnostic methods, prevalence and genetic evolution

Zhang

2016

Virus Research

155

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222 words; Main text: 8,290 words (including figure legends); 4 Tables; 4 Figures 2 Highlights  PDCoV infection dynamics and appropriate sample collection are reviewed. Virological methods for PDCoV detection are discussed. Serological methods for PDCoV detection are discussed. Global prevalence of PDCoV in swine population is described. Genetic analyses of global PDCoV are discussed. AbstractPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first reported in Hong Kong, China in 2012 and

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“…

Recent research has confirmed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can be transmitted by swine feed and ingredients (Dee et al, 2014(Dee et al, , 2015Schumacher et al, 2015). In a review by Nitikanchana (2014) ABSTRACT: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus–contaminated feed

Cochrane¹,

Schumacher²,

Dritz³

et al. 2017

Journal of Animal Science

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Recent research has confirmed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can be transmitted by swine feed and ingredients (Dee et al., 2014(Dee et al., , 2015Schumacher et al., 2015). In a review by Nitikanchana (2014) ABSTRACT: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a heat-sensitive virus that has devastated the U.S. swine industry. Because of its heat sensitivity, we hypothesized that a steam conditioner and pellet mill mimicking traditional commercial thermal processing may mitigate PEDV infectivity. Pelleting, a common feed processing method, includes the use of steam and shear forces, resulting in increased temperature of the processed feed. Two thermal processing experiments were designed to determine if different pellet mill conditioner retention times and temperatures would impact PEDV quantity and infectivity by analysis of quantitative reverse transcription PCR and bioassay. In Exp. 1, a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design was used with 3 pelleting temperatures (68.3, 79.4, and 90.6°C), 3 conditioning times (45, 90, or 180 s), and 2 doses of viral inoculation (low, 1 × 10 2 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (the concentration used to see cytopathic effect in 50% of the cells)/g, or high, 1 × 10 4 tissue culture infectious dose 50 /g). Noninoculated and PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash were used as controls. The low-dose PEDV-infected mash had 6.8 ± 1.8 cycle threshold (Ct) greater (P < 0.05) PEDV than the high-dose mash. Regardless of time or temperature, pelleting reduced (P < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral PEDV RNA compared with the PEDV-inoculated unprocessed mash. Fecal swabs from pigs inoculated with the PEDV-positive unprocessed mash, regardless of dose, were clinically PEDV positive from 2 to 7 d (end of the trial) after inoculation. However, if either PEDV dose of inoculated feed was pelleted at any of the 9 tested conditioning time × temperature combinations, no PEDV RNA was detected in fecal swabs or cecum content. Based on Exp. 1 results, a second experiment was developed to determine the impact of lower processing temperatures on PEDV quantity and infectivity. In Exp. 2, PEDV-inoculated feed was pelleted at 1 of 5 conditioning temperatures (37.8, 46.1, 54.4, 62.8, and 71.1°C) for 30 s. The 5 increasing processing temperatures led to feed with respective mean Ct values of 32.5, 34.6, 37.0, 36.5, and 36.7, respectively. All samples had detectable PEDV RNA. However, infectivity was detected by bioassay only in pigs from the 37.8 and 46.1°C conditioning temperatures. Experiment 2 results suggest conditioning and pelleting temperatures above 54.4°C could be effective in reducing the quantity and infectivity of PEDV in swine feed. However, additional research is needed to prevent subsequent recontamination after pelleting as it is a point-in-time mitigation step.,

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An evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus survival in individual feed ingredients in the presence or absence of a liquid antimicrobial

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients

Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients

Porcine deltacoronavirus: Overview of infection dynamics, diagnostic methods, prevalence and genetic evolution

Effect of pelleting on survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus–contaminated feed

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