An evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin on two non-target lizard species in the Karoo, South Africa

Alexander, Graham J.; Horne, David J.; Hanrahan, Shirley A.

doi:10.1006/jare.2001.0848

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Most of the available reptile insecticide toxicity data is for organophosphates (see [7,11]) with some toxicity data available for pyrethrins and their synthetic derivatives the pyrethroids [7][8][9][10]. We also chose pesticides from a range of classes (2 insecticides, 1 fungicide, and 1 rodenticide).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of toxicity research (i.e., median lethal doses [LD50s]) on reptiles has been the result of research into eradicating the brown tree snake [7,8]. Other reports of dermal toxicity of contaminants to reptiles (Alexander et al [9] and Talent [10]) likewise were not designed to provide quantitative toxicity data but instead were designed to test certain related hypotheses (e.g., temperature effects on contaminant sensitivity [10]). Other reports of dermal toxicity of contaminants to reptiles (Alexander et al [9] and Talent [10]) likewise were not designed to provide quantitative toxicity data but instead were designed to test certain related hypotheses (e.g., temperature effects on contaminant sensitivity [10]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: Oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Weir

Talent

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Reptiles have been understudied in ecotoxicology, which limits consideration in ecological risk assessments. The goals of the present study were 3-fold: to improve oral and dermal dosing methodologies for reptiles, to generate reptile toxicity data for pesticides, and to correlate reptile and avian toxicity. The authors first assessed the toxicity of different dosing vehicles: 100 μL of water, propylene glycol, and acetone were not toxic. The authors then assessed the oral and dermal toxicity of 4 pesticides following the up-and-down procedure. Neither brodifacoum nor chlorothalonil caused mortality at doses ≤ 1750 μg/g. Under the "neat pesticide" oral exposure, endosulfan (median lethal dose [LD50] = 9.8 μg/g) was more toxic than λ-cyhalothrin (LD50 = 916.5 μg/g). Neither chemical was toxic via dermal exposure. An acetone dosing vehicle increased λ-cyhalothrin toxicity (oral LD50 = 9.8 μg/g; dermal LD50 = 17.5 μg/g), but not endosulfan. Finally, changes in dosing method and husbandry significantly increased dermal λ-cyhalothrin LD50s, which highlights the importance of standardized methods. The authors combined data from the present study with other reptile LD50s to correlate with available avian data. When only definitive LD50s were used in the analysis, a strong correlation was found between avian and reptile toxicity. The results suggest it is possible to build predictive relationships between avian and reptile LD50s. More research is needed, however, to understand trends associated with chemical classes and modes of action.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: Oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Weir

Talent

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Similar to previous field trials of this product (see Borchert et al 2009), we did not observe injured or dead non‐target species on or in the vicinity of our study site during the course of this study, but future studies should more thoroughly evaluate treatment effects on non‐target species. It should be noted, however, that deltamethrin also has potentially detrimental effects on non‐target species (Alexander et al 2002). A systemic pesticide, such as used in this study, is likely to be less harmful to non‐target insects than topical insecticides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of DeltaDust (hereafter referred to as deltamethrin) is expensive and labor‐intensive at large scales, costing up to $68.91 per ha (Greibel 2009). In addition, deltamethrin is not a flea‐specific insecticide and has lethal and sub‐lethal effects on other arthropods (Croft 1990, Wardhaugh, et al 1998, Desneux et al 2007) and vertebrates (Alexander et al 2002), which could have cascading effects on insect communities and insectivorous species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field evaluation of imidacloprid as a systemic approach to flea control in black-tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus

Jachowski

Skipper

Gompper

2011

Journal of Vector Ecology

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Epizootic outbreaks of sylvatic plague have dramatically influenced prairie dog (Cynomys sp.) populations across North America. While a great deal of debate surrounds the cause and persistence of plague, flea control can stop the spread of plague epizootic outbreaks and even increase prairie dog survival under non-epizootic conditions. We investigated a newly-developed imidacloprid-treated grain bait that could potentially reduce flea infestations and mitigate the effects of plague on black-tailed prairie dogs (C. ludovicianus). We used a study design involving randomly assigned experimental and control study plots to assess the effectiveness of the systemic flea control product. We observed a significant difference in flea prevalence and abundance between experimental and control sites on three of the four sites treated with a single application of imidacloprid-treated grain bait for up to 90 days post-treatment. We observed an even greater reduction in flea infestations following the double application of treatment bait on two of three additional experimental sites. While we were unable to reduce flea infestations to the extent reported for more commonly used topical insecticides containing deltamethrin, imidacloprid might still be effective at reducing the risk of plague and halting epizootics. In addition, this systemic product can be more rapidly applied than topical insecticides, providing managers with a tool to quickly reduce flea infestations. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of different application timing and rates, the utility of the product in limiting plague, and the potential effects on non-target species that might also consume the treated bait. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (1): 100-107. 2011.

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“…Pyrethroids appear to be rapidly replacing some types of pesticides, because they are relatively nontoxic to birds and mammals, are less persistent than organochlorine pesticides, and are extremely toxic to a large variety of insects [18–21]. Few studies have evaluated the effects of pyrethroids on reptiles; however, Alexander et al [22] reported that deltamethrin, a pyrethroid, caused significant lizard mortality in controlled enclosures as well as under field conditions. Therefore, because reptiles may be exposed to natural pyrethrins and pyrethroid pesticides as a result of veterinary treatment of ectoparasites and in the field via application of pesticide to control arthropod pests, a need exists to determine the factors that influence the sensitivity of reptiles to these pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of temperature on toxicity of a natural pyrethrin pesticide to green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

Talent

2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Metabolic rates of reptiles vary with body temperature; therefore, the sensitivity of reptiles to a particular dose level of a pesticide might be expected to vary as well. The purpose of the present study was twofold: To evaluate the effects of temperature on the toxicity to green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis) of a single concentration of a natural pyrethrin pesticide via percutaneous exposure, and to compare the effects of temperature (20 vs 35 degrees C) on the toxicity of different concentrations of pyrethrins to green anoles. When lizards were exposed to a solution that contained 300 mg/L of pyrethrins, the mortality of lizards maintained at 15 and 20 degrees C was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than the mortality of lizards maintained at 35 and 38 degrees C. In addition, the median lethal concentrations of pyrethrins for lizards maintained at 20 and 35 degrees C were 77.6 and greater than 300 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, temperature clearly influenced the sensitivity of lizards to pyrethrin pesticides.

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An evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin on two non-target lizard species in the Karoo, South Africa

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: Oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: Oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Field evaluation of imidacloprid as a systemic approach to flea control in black-tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus

Effect of temperature on toxicity of a natural pyrethrin pesticide to green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

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