An experimental and numerical study of packing, compression, and caking behaviour of detergent powders

Thakur, Subhash C.; Ahmadian, Hossein; Sun, Jin; Ooi, Jin Y.

doi:10.1016/j.partic.2013.06.009

Cited by 75 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Interesting granular phenomena like yielding and jamming (Liu and Nagel, 1998;Bi et al, 2011;Luding, 2016;Kumar and Luding, 2016), dilatancy (Cates et al, 2005;Van Hecke, 2009;Yang et al, 2015), shear-band localization (Alshibi and Sture, 2000;Singh et al, 2014), history-dependence (Thakur et al, 2014), and anisotropy (Radjai et al, 1996;Majmudar and Behringer, 2005) have attracted significant scientific interest over the past decades (Savage and Hutter, 1989;Cundall, 1989;Radjai et al, 1999;Wolf et al, 2000;† GDR-MiDi, 2004;Tomas, 2005;Alonso-Marroquin and Herrmann, 2004;Luding 2005aLuding , b, 2008. Various laboratory element tests can be performed to study the bulk behaviour of granular materials (Schwedes, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, in the indirect devices, the shear zone develops according to the applied state of stress. The most common indirect devices are the uniaxial compression tester (Russell et al, 2014;Thakur et al, 2014;Imole et al, 2016) and bi-axial shear box Feise and Schwedes, 1995). Direct devices can be further categorised into two sub-groups: translational and rotational.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Particle Size and Cohesion on Powder Yielding and Flow

Shi

Mohanty

Chakravarty

et al. 2018

KONA

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The bulk properties of powders depend on material characteristics and size of the primary particles. During storage and transportation processes in the powder processing industry, the material undergoes various modes of deformation and stress conditions, e.g., due to compression or shear. In many applications, it is important to know when powders are yielding, i.e. when they start to flow under shear; in other cases it is necessary to know how much stress is needed to keep them flowing. The measurement of powder yield and flow properties is still a challenge and will be addressed in this study. In the framework of the collaborative project T-MAPPP, a large set of shear experiments using different shear devices, namely the Jenike shear tester, the ELE direct shear tester, the Schulze ring shear tester and the FT4 powder rheometer, have been carried out on eight chemically-identical limestone powders of different particle sizes in a wide range of confining stresses. These experiments serve two goals: i) to test the reproducibility/ consistency among different shear devices and testing protocols; ii) to relate the bulk behaviour to microscopic particle properties, focusing on the effect of particle size and thus inter-particle cohesion. The experiments show high repeatability for all shear devices, though some of them show more fluctuations than others. All devices provide consistent results, where the FT4 powder rheometer gives lower yield/steady state stress values, due to a different pre-shearing protocol. As expected, the bulk cohesion decreases with increasing particle size (up to 150 μm), due to the decrease of inter-particle cohesion. The bulk friction, characterized in different ways, is following a similar decreasing trend, whereas the bulk density increases with particle size in this range. Interestingly, for samples with particle sizes larger than 150 μm, the bulk cohesion increases slightly, while the bulk friction increases considerably-presumably due to particle interlocking effects-up to magnitudes comparable to those of the finest powders. Furthermore, removing the fines from the coarse powder samples reduces the bulk cohesion and bulk density, but has a negligible effect on the bulk friction. In addition to providing useful insights into the role of microscopically attractive, van der Waals, gravitational and/or compressive forces for the macroscopic bulk powder flow behaviour, the experimental data provide a robust database of cohesive and frictional fine powders for industrially relevant designs such as silos, as well as for calibration and validation of models and computer simulations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Particle Size and Cohesion on Powder Yielding and Flow

Shi

Mohanty

Chakravarty

et al. 2018

KONA

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“…Zafar et al (2017b) undertook a comprehensive review on the mechanism and the testers of bulk powder caking. Recently, there have been new methods for measuring caking characterization, for example, the environmental caking tester (Calvert et al, 2013) and the Edinburgh powder tester (Thakur et al, 2014). Calvert et al (2013) have introduced the environmental uniaxial caking tester which can control the temperature and relative humidity at the inlet and exit of the powder bed as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Powder Flow Under Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results revealed the cake strength was related to the environmental and mechanical conditions to which the sample powder was exposed. Thakur et al (2014) have also studied the caking behaviour of spray-dried detergent powders using the Edinburgh powder tester. The tested powder had the same solid density and different moisture content and size ranges.…”

Section: Powder Flow Under Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review: Recent Progress on Evaluation of Flowability and Floodability of Powder

Ogata

2019

KONA

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Recent studies evaluating the flowability and floodability of cohesive powder under conditions of consolidation, mechanical force, vibrating force, fluid force, and floodability are reviewed. The ball indentation test is an effective method for evaluating the flowability of a small amount of cohesive powder at very low stress under consolidation conditions. The environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity play an important role in the flow of cohesive powder. With regard to cohesive powder flowing under mechanical force, the FT4 powder rheometer can evaluate the powder flowability using the total energy which is related to the shear stress on the impeller blade. The vibrating capillary method and the vibrating shear tube method are effective for the measurement of the flowability of strongly cohesive powder. The test using powder discharge by air flow can assess the flowability of cohesive powder which Carr's flowability index is an equivalent level by using mass flow rate and interstitial air pressure. Finally, the flushing of cohesive powder occurs when the interstitial air pressure and the void fraction are high. The pressure difference between the interstitial air pressure and the outside of an orifice are the dominant factors in the spouting of powder.

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“…Hence, it is difficult to predict the caking affinity of any powder (Carpin et al, 2016). Several methods are used nowadays to characterise caking, including the uniaxial compression test (Chávez Montes et al, 2011), powder rheometer (Freeman et al, 2015), environmentally controlled caking rig (Calvert et al, 2013), Edinburgh powder tester (Thakur et al, 2014), shear cell (Cleaver et al, 2004), and caking index test (Irani et al, 1959). A comprehensive review of caking and methods for its characterisation have recently been made by Zafar et al (2017b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of surface caking of powders using the ball indentation method

Chen

Zafar

Ghadiri

et al. 2017

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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 Irreversible caking is formed in PVP and HPC at 75% relative humidity (RH). The critical glass transition RH for PVP at 25 °C and 45°C are 63% and 53%. The critical glass transition RH for HPC at 25 °C and 45°C are 61% and 50%. Powder caking is a ubiquitous problem, which could significantly decrease product quality and lead to economic losses. Hence it is important to know the conditions under which it occurs. The caking behaviour of three powder materials (PVP, HPC and CaHPO4) has been investigated by the ball indentation method (BIM) as affected by relative humidity (RH), temperature and time. The resistance to powder flow, as indicated by the hardness is measured by a ball indenting the powder bed surface. The surface hardness increases with increasing RH and temperature, indicating caking of the powder bed. Moreover, the temperature and RH show a coupled effect on powder caking. Irreversible caking is formed in PVP and HPC at 75% RH; the particles coalesce and the volume of powder bed is significantly reduced with time.However, the caking of CaHPO4 is reversible. To examine the caking mechanism of PVP and HPC, the critical glass transition RH is determined at 25 °C and 45 °C. The values are 63% and 53% RH for PVP and 61% and 50% RH for HPC, respectively. The glass transition moisture content in the ball indentation experiments is comparable with that determined by the dynamic vapor sorption measurement. BIM could be a fast and effective method for the assessment of powder surface caking.

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An experimental and numerical study of packing, compression, and caking behaviour of detergent powders

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of Particle Size and Cohesion on Powder Yielding and Flow

Effect of Particle Size and Cohesion on Powder Yielding and Flow

A Review: Recent Progress on Evaluation of Flowability and Floodability of Powder

Assessment of surface caking of powders using the ball indentation method

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