An experimental divalent vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against tetanus and diphtheria

Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and M Cell Targeting

“…A Phase I trial of a single shot tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria toxoid in PLGA microspheres is still some way off, even though outcomes in mice and guinea-pigs showed positive and durable immune responses using antigen-loaded microparticles [ 54 ]. It is possible that particulate antigens, when targeted to inductive immune sites, might perform even better in man than in laboratory animals because the pathways of antigen presentation by human dendritic cells are relatively well established and might even be superior [ 112 ]. Advancement in the non-living vaccine delivery system coupled with the suitable targeting strategy may lead to a successful clinical trial.…”

Single-injection vaccines: Progress, challenges, and opportunities

“…As a result, it is not surprising that TT has become one of, if not the most studied antigen for controlled release vaccine delivery systems [76,77]. The current immunization regimen for tetanus begins with children receiving 5 full-strength doses of tetanus toxoid, typically as part of a 5-injection multivalent DTaP vaccine that is administered at the ages of 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months, and 4-6 years [15].…”

Biodegradable polymeric microsphere-based vaccines and their applications in infectious diseases

“…Guinea pigs preimmunized with the combined of TTand DT-biodegradable PLGA microspheres were also protected from tetanus and diphtheria toxins challenges 6 weeks after immunization. 32 …”