An exploration into two-dimensional metal oxides, and other 2D materials, synthesised <i>via</i> liquid metal printing and transfer techniques

Goff, Abigail; Aukarasereenont, Patjaree; Nguyen, Chung Kim; Grant, Ryan; Syed, Nitu; Zavabeti, Ali; Elbourne, Aaron; Daeneke, Torben

doi:10.1039/d0dt04364h

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Initial formation of the surface oxide is very rapid (<1 s) and even observed at reduced oxygen partial pressure (reduced oxygen concentration) . In contrast, stabilization (equilibrium) of the oxide thickness is reached over a period of a few weeks . The oxide skin predominantly comprises mixed gallium oxides, viz., Ga 2 O and Ga 2 O 3 , due to thermodynamic constraints .…”

Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review on the Physical Properties of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals and Selected Pathways for Their Alteration

2021

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Gallium-based liquid metals have gained plenty of attention in the scientific community due to their extraordinary properties. The most intriguing properties of liquid metals are high surface tension, density anomaly, high electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transition, and their temperature and low viscosity in combination with their low toxicity. Though there are many reports of the physical properties of gallium-based liquid metals, some of these are highly scattered and inconsistent. Therefore, we compile literature data of these aspects of gallium-based liquid metals, point out general relationships of these physical parameters, and unravel inconsistencies in the literature. Subsequently, we state reasons for the observed scatter and recommend science-based values researchers should employ. Furthermore, we discuss important dependencies between the physical parameters, introduce methods to alter the physical parameters, and introduce selected applications based on changing the physical properties. Finally, we point out open questions concerned with the physical parameters of liquid metals, which should be investigated in the future.

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Section: Surface Tensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Review on the Physical Properties of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals and Selected Pathways for Their Alteration

2021

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“…[ 16 ] Another example, the non‐proportional contribution of elements at the surface of molten alloys was observed where 2D sheets obtained from a eutectic mixture of Te (5 wt%) and Se (95 wt%) resulted in the dominance of TeO 2 (97.7 mol%) in the oxide layer due to the more oxophilic nature of Te relative to Se. [ 33 ] Additionally, a recent study [ 34 ] predicted the preferential growth of metal oxide layers from binary liquid metal alloys based on some critical factors including the Gibbs free energy of combustion for that alloy, the ratio of metals in the binary alloy and their solubility, and temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping Process of 2D Materials Based on the Selective Migration of Dopants to the Interface of Liquid Metals

et al. 2021

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The introduction of trace impurities within the doping processes of semiconductors is still a technological challenge for the electronics industries. By taking advantage of the selective enrichment of liquid metal interfaces, and harvesting the doped metal oxide semiconductor layers, the complexity of the process can be mitigated and a high degree of control over the outcomes can be achieved. Here, a mechanism of natural filtering for the preparation of doped 2D semiconducting sheets based on the different migration tendencies of metallic elements in the bulk competing for enriching the interfaces is proposed. As a model, liquid metal alloys with different weight ratios of Sn and Bi in the bulk are employed for harvesting Bi2O3‐doped SnO nanosheets. In this model, Sn shows a much stronger tendency than Bi to occupy surface sites of the Bi–Sn alloys, even at the very high concentrations of Bi in the bulk. This provides the opportunity for creating SnO 2D sheets with tightly controlled Bi2O3 dopants. By way of example, it is demonstrated how such nanosheets could be made selective to both reducing and oxidizing environmental gases. The process demonstrated here offers significant opportunities for future synthesis and fabrication processes in the electronics industries.

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“…And then, the obtained aqueous suspension is drop-casted onto the substrate for subsequent treatment steps. Moreover, the transient growth process of oxide skin can be described by the Cabrera–Mott model ( Goff et al., 2021 ), as shown in Figure 8 C. On the one hand, owing to the electron tunneling effect, electrons escape from the liquid core and transfer to the adsorbed oxygen, thus ionizing the adsorbed oxygen and generating an electrostatic potential (Mott potential) among the interface of the oxidant-oxide and the oxide metal. The generated electric field significantly reduces the energy barrier of metal ion diffusion toward the free interface and promotes the growth of the oxide skin.…”

Section: Fabrication Methods Of 2d Metal Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… (B) The schematic of the gas injection method ( Zhao et al., 2021b ) Copyright 2021, Tsinghua University Press. (C) The growth mechanism of an oxide skin that described by the Cabrera–Mott model ( Goff et al., 2021 ) Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) The formation process of the hydrated MnO2 on the surface of EGaIn in an aqueous KMnO4 solution ( Ghasemian et al., 2019 ) Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH Verlag.…”

Section: Fabrication Methods Of 2d Metal Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in the fabrication of 2D metal oxides

et al. 2022

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Summary Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides exhibit unique optical, electrical, magnetic, and chemical properties, rendering them a bright application prospect in high-performance smart devices. Given the large variety of both layered and non-layered 2D metal oxides, the controllable synthesis is the critical prerequisite for enabling the exploration of their great potentials. In this review, recent progress in the synthesis of 2D metal oxides is summarized and categorized. Particularly, a brief overview of categories and crystal structures of 2D metal oxides is firstly introduced, followed by a critical discussion of various synthesis methods regarding the growth mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Finally, the existing challenges are presented to provide possible future research directions regarding the synthesis of 2D metal oxides. This work can provide useful guidance on developing innovative approaches for producing both 2D layered and non-layered nanostructures and assist with the acceleration of the research of 2D metal oxides.

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An exploration into two-dimensional metal oxides, and other 2D materials, synthesised via liquid metal printing and transfer techniques

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides can be difficult to synthesise, and scaling up production using traditional methods is challenging. However, a new liquid metal-based technique, that utilises both “top-down” and “bottom-up”...

Cited by 46 publications

References 123 publications

Critical Review on the Physical Properties of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals and Selected Pathways for Their Alteration

Critical Review on the Physical Properties of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals and Selected Pathways for Their Alteration

Doping Process of 2D Materials Based on the Selective Migration of Dopants to the Interface of Liquid Metals

Recent advances in the fabrication of 2D metal oxides

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