“…Several studies of private sector organizations suggest that strategic planning can be enhanced by encouraging managerial participation in the process. Elbanna, Thanos, and Colak (2014), Nutt (1999) and Wooldridge and Floyd (1990), in particular, find that such participation results in improved implementation. And, there is good prima facie reason for thinking that such participation will also matter in the public sector, where middle managers, especially, play an increasingly important role in strategy implementation (Gatenby et al, forthcoming;Ridder, Bruns, and Spier 2006).…”