An exploratory study of the factors related to mouth breathing syndrome in primary school children

Saitoh, Issei; Inada, Emi; Kaihara, Yasutaka; Nogami, Yukiko; Murakami, Daisuke; Kubota, Naoko; Sakurai, Kazuo; Shirazawa, Yoshito; Sawami, Tadashi; Goto, Miyuki; Nosou, Maki; Kozai, Katsuyuki; Hayasaki, Haruaki; Yamasaki, Yuichi

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.012

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Other question items that correlated with an ILS in this study, namely "Does your child sleep with their mouth open?," "Can your child keep their mouth closed for about 1 minute?," and "Is your child's mouth often dry?," may be related to mouth breathing [11][12][13]. Noisy eating and eating with an open mouth both correlated to an ILS in this study and may also be associated with mouth breathing, in which children have trouble with nasal breathing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Moreover, the occlusal relationship and facial soft tissue morphology will gradually worsen with further growth and development [31]. This morphological imbalance may complicate the [11,32]. Owing to ILS immobilization without spontaneous improvement, the prevalence of ILS may increase with age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parents or guardians of each participant completed a modified version of the questionnaire used in our preliminary research [11] and developed to reveal relevant factors and combination of factors that might affect an ILS in children. The questionnaire included 44 items regarding daily health conditions and lifestyle habits, and all questions were in Japanese (Additional file 1).…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known that abnormal oral habits, such as unusual speech, abnormal swallowing, tongue dysfunction [1][2][3], an incompetent lip seal (ILS), mouth breathing, and bad dietary habits, have serious consequences on the healthy development of oral function during growth periods [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The entrenchment of an ILS, especially at an early stage, may result in prolonged abnormal oral habits, which may disturb the healthy development of oral function in children [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study

Nogami

Saitoh

Inada

et al. 2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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Background Systemic and local factors may lead to disruption of craniofacial growth and development, causing an imbalance between the orofacial skeleton, muscle and soft tissue, dental occlusion, and the dental arch during growth periods. We aimed to reveal whether the prevalence of incompetent lip seal (ILS) varies with age and region, as well as to clarify the factors related to an ILS, in a national, large-scale epidemiological study. Methods We surveyed 3399 children, from 3 to 12 years of age, visiting 66 pediatric dental clinics throughout Japan. For this survey, we employed a questionnaire consisting of 44 questions regarding daily health conditions and lifestyle habits. We evaluated the differences in ILS prevalence by age and region (using a Cochran-Armitage test for trend and a Kruskal-Wallis test), and the relationship between ILS and factors investigated in the questionnaire (using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient). Results We observed that 30.7% of Japanese children exhibited an ILS and that the ILS rate increased with age (p < 0.001). There were no regional differences in the rate of ILS in Japanese children (p = 0.506). We revealed that 12 of 44 survey items exhibited a statistically significant correlation with ILS (p < 0.001), using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. These items involved orofacial morphology, mouth breathing, and possibly, allergic rhinitis. Conclusion The rate of ILS seems to increase with age in children, throughout Japan. Therefore, this disorder may not self-correct during the growth periods in these children. Guidelines are required for pediatric dentists to recognize ILS among children aged 3–12 years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study

Nogami

Saitoh

Inada

et al. 2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…Pathological breathing pathway through the open mouth may cause orthodontic disorders and malocclusions, and exacerbate the features of dry upper respiratory and laryngeal mucosa congestion. 6,[27][28][29] In the examined boy, a tendency to breathe through the mouth, distal occlusion and other orthodontic disorders causing the need of orthodontic braces application. 10,[19][20][21] Endoscopic examination of the larynx revealed dry congestion of the upper respiratory tract and larynx mucosa with the presence of thick secretions as well as arytenoid cartilages asymmetry and edema.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phoniatric, Audiological, Orodental and Speech Problems in a Boy with Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome Type 3 (CFC 3) Due to a Pathogenic Variant in MAP2K1 – Case Study

Kosztyła-Hojna

Borys

Zdrojkowski

et al. 2021

TACG

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Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome 3 (CFC3) due to variants in MAP2K1 is a rare genetic disorder manifested mainly by short stature, facial dysmorphism, abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, skin changes, and intellectual disability. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the occurrence of pathological changes in the upper respiratory tract, orthodontic disorders, as well as voice, speech and hearing abnormalities in an 11-year-old boy with CFC3 syndrome. The lack of detailed diagnostics of speech, voice and hearing disorders, as well as the degree of their severity was an inspiration to undertake research in this field. Pathological changes in face, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract (nose, nasopharynx, larynx), and hearing organ, as well as voice and speech quality, were assessed in an 11-year-old boy with CFC3 syndrome. Pathologies of the upper respiratory tract (adenoid hypertrophy, narrowing of the nasal passages) and laryngeal asymmetry were found without significant changes in voice quality in the acoustic examination, except for the voice timbre change confirmed in narrowband spectrography. Complex audiological assessment confirmed the existence of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Speech pathology assessment revealed abnormalities in the structure of articulation organ, its decreased motor efficiency, imprecision, reduced coordination, as well as the presence of autistic features. Exome sequencing showed the heterozygous variant c. 371C>T (p.Pro124Leu) in the MAP2K1 gene, previously described as pathogenic, thus supporting a causative relevance. Phoniatric, audiological, orodental and speech problems should be considered as features of cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome type 3 (CFC 3) phenotype due to a pathogenic variant in MAP2K1.

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Lip‐closing strength in children is enhanced by lip and facial muscle training

Nogami

Saitoh

Inada

et al. 2021

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

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Objectives Weakening of lip‐closing strength (LCS) associated with an incompetent lip seal (ILS) may affect the oral balance between the lip and tongue pressures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lip‐closing training in children with lower LCS and/or abnormal habits across different age groups and to compare its effects on increasing LCS in children with malocclusion and/or oral habits. Material and Methods Lip‐closing training was performed by 154 Japanese children aged 3–12 years using a specialized training device at home for 3 months. Children with oral habits and/or exhibiting less than standard LCS were included. LCS was measured using a digital strain force gauge at a dental clinic at the beginning (T0) and after each month (after 3 months: T3). Results Children had higher LCS responses after lip‐closing training. The first month of lip‐closing training was more effective than the subsequent months. With lip‐closing training, the LCS increased from an average of 6.2 N (T0) to 11.4 N (T3) in Group I, 7.9 N (T0) to 12.8 N (T3) in Group II, and 6.8 N to 11.4 N in Group III. Anterior cross bite, including reverse bite, open bite, and tongue thrusting, significantly reduced training effects. Conclusion Our findings showed that lower LCS in children with ILS resulted in greater responses to lip‐closing training in a short period, but oral dysfunction, such as abnormal habits, inhibited the positive effects of training. Our results suggest that less detrimental effects of malocclusion and abnormal oral habits lip‐closing training enhances LCS in younger children.

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An exploratory study of the factors related to mouth breathing syndrome in primary school children

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study

Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study

Phoniatric, Audiological, Orodental and Speech Problems in a Boy with Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome Type 3 (CFC 3) Due to a Pathogenic Variant in MAP2K1 – Case Study

Lip‐closing strength in children is enhanced by lip and facial muscle training

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