An Extremely Peramorphic Newt (Urodela: Salamandridae: Pleurodelini) from the Latest Oligocene of Germany, and a New Phylogenetic Analysis of Extant and Extinct Salamandrids

Marjanović, David; Witzmann, Florian

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137068

Cited by 23 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Pyron extended this dataset in terms of taxon sampling [ 28 ]. Finally, Marjanovic and Witzmann added a maximum parsimony analysis of 98 morphological, osteological and behavioural characters [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)

Veith

Bogaerts²,

Pasmans

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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The phylogenetic relationships among members of the family Salamandridae have been repeatedly investigated over the last 90 years, with changing character and taxon sampling. We review the changing composition and the phylogenetic position of salamandrid genera and species groups and add a new phylogeny based exclusively on sequences of nuclear genes. Salamandrina often changed its position depending on the characters used. It was included several times in a clade together with the primitive newts (Echinotriton, Pleurodeles, Tylototriton) due to their seemingly ancestral morphology. The latter were often inferred as a monophyletic clade. Respective monophyly was almost consistently established in all molecular studies for true salamanders (Chioglossa, Lyciasalamandra, Mertensiella, Salamandra), modern Asian newts (Cynops, Laotriton, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton) and modern New World newts (Notophthalmus, Taricha). Reciprocal non-monophyly has been established through molecular studies for the European mountain newts (Calotriton, Euproctus) and the modern European newts (Ichthyosaura, Lissotriton, Neurergus, Ommatotriton, Triturus) since Calotriton was identified as the sister lineage of Triturus. In pre-molecular studies, their respective monophyly had almost always been assumed, mainly because a complex courtship behaviour shared by their respective members. Our nuclear tree is nearly identical to a mito-genomic tree, with all but one node being highly supported. The major difference concerns the position of Calotriton, which is no longer nested within the modern European newts. This has implications for the evolution of courtship behaviour of European newts. Within modern European newts, Ichthyosaura and Lissotriton changed their position compared to the mito-genomic tree. Previous molecular trees based on seemingly large nuclear data sets, but analysed together with mitochondrial data, did not reveal monophyly of modern European newts since taxon sampling and nuclear gene coverage was too poor to obtain conclusive results. We therefore conclude that mitochondrial and nuclear data should be analysed on their own.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)

Veith

Bogaerts²,

Pasmans

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…The frontosquamosal arch strengthens the skull and protects the retracted eyes, and it has been proposed that its function is in lessening injury during attack by predators (Naylor, ). It has been regarded as an autapomorphic trait for the entire family Salamandridae (Wake & Özeti, ), and as an autapomorphy for the subfamily Pleurodelinae (Marjanović & Witzmann, ). Underlying our analysis is a well‐supported phylogeny of the family Salamandridae (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of skull shape in the family Salamandridae (Amphibia: Caudata)

Ivanović

Arntzen

2017

Journal of Anatomy

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We carried out a comparative morphometric analysis of 56 species of salamandrid salamanders, representing 19 out of 21 extant genera, with the aim of uncovering the major patterns of skull shape diversification, and revealing possible trends and directions of evolutionary change. To do this we used micro-computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, along with a well-resolved molecular phylogeny. We found that allometry explains a relatively small amount of shape variation across taxa. Congeneric species of salamandrid salamanders are more similar to each other and cluster together producing distinct groups in morphospace. We detected a strong phylogenetic signal and little homoplasy. The most pronounced changes in the skull shape are related to the changes of the frontosquamosal arch, a unique feature of the cranial skeleton for the family Salamandridae, which is formed by processes arising from the frontal and squamosal bones that arch over the orbits. By mapping character states over the phylogeny, we found that a reduction of the frontosquamosal arch occurs independently in three lineages of the subfamily Pleurodelinae. This reduction can probably be attributed to changes in the development and ossification rates of the frontosquamosal arch. In general, our results are similar to those obtained for caecilian amphibians, with an early expansion into the available morphospace and a complex history characterizing evolution of skull shape in both groups. To evaluate the specificity of the inferred evolutionary trajectories and Caudata-wide trends in the diversity of skull morphology, information from additional groups of tailed amphibians is needed.

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“…The extremely peramorphic salamandrid *Chelotriton (Marjanović & Witzmann, 2015) is the most salientian-and temnospondyl-like caudate, falling out as the sister-group of Salientia in Analyses R4, R6 and EB (BPE = 38; PP = 67; Fig. 30M, P), and as the sister-group of a clade that contains all other non-salientian modern amphibians in Analysis R5.…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S2, Data S3), we conclude:  After our attempts to improve the quality of coding and scoring, the matrix supports different results from those found by RC07, most notably the "lepospondyl hypothesis" on the origin of Lissamphibia (LH) rather than the "temnospondyl hypothesis" (TH). This does not change when the taxon sample is expanded or when Bayesian inference is used instead of parsimony; the expanded taxon sample includes the lissamphibian-like dissorophoids Gerobatrachus, Micropholis and Tungussogyrinus as well as the extremely peramorphic and therefore temnospondyl-like salamander Chelotriton (Marjanović & Witzmann, 2015).  Many parts of the tree are too sparsely sampled in characters to be strongly supported.…”

Section: Conclusion Matrix Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix (v0.2)"

Pyron¹

2019

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The largest published phylogenetic analysis of early limbed vertebrates (Ruta M, Coates MI. 2007. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5:69-122) recovered e.g. Seymouriamorpha, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Caudata as paraphyletic and found the "temnospondyl hypothesis" on the origin of Lissamphibia (TH) to be more parsimonious than the "lepospondyl hypothesis" (LH)-though only, as we show, by one step. We report 4200 misscored cells, over half of them due to typographic and similar accidental errors. Further, some characters were duplicated; some had only one described state; for one, most taxa were scored after presumed relatives. Even potentially continuous characters were unordered, the effects of ontogeny were not sufficiently taken into account, and data published after 2001 were mostly excluded. After these issues are improved-we document and justify all changes to the matrix-, but no characters are added, we find (Analysis R1) much longer trees with e.g. monophyletic Caudata, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Seymouriamorpha; Ichthyostega either crownward or rootward of Acanthostega; and Anthracosauria either crownward or rootward of Temnospondyli. The LH is 9 steps shorter than the TH (R2; constrained) and 12 steps shorter than the "polyphyly hypothesis" (PH-R3; constrained). Brachydectes (Lysorophia) is not found next to Lissamphibia; instead, a large clade that includes the adelogyrinids, urocordylid "nectrideans" and aïstopods occupies that position. As expected from the taxon/character ratio, most bootstrap values are low. Adding 56 OTUs to the original 102 increases the resolution (and decreases most bootstrap values). The added taxa range in completeness from complete articulated skeletons to an incomplete lower jaw. Even though the lissamphibian-like temnospondyls Gerobatrachus, Micropholis and Tungussogyrinus and the extremely peramorphic salamander Chelotriton are added, the difference between LH (R4; unconstrained) and TH (R5) rises to 10 steps, that between LH and PH (R6) to 15; the TH also requires several more regains of lost bones than the LH. Casineria, in which we tentatively identify a postbranchial lamina, emerges rather far from amniote origins in a gephyrostegid-chroniosuchian grade. Bayesian inference (Analysis EB, settings as in R4) mostly agrees with R4. High posterior probabilities are found for Lissamphibia (1.00) and the LH (0.92); however, many branches remain weakly supported, and most are short, as expected from the small character sample.

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An Extremely Peramorphic Newt (Urodela: Salamandridae: Pleurodelini) from the Latest Oligocene of Germany, and a New Phylogenetic Analysis of Extant and Extinct Salamandrids

Cited by 23 publications

References 58 publications

The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)

The changing views on the evolutionary relationships of extant Salamandridae (Amphibia: Urodela)

Evolution of skull shape in the family Salamandridae (Amphibia: Caudata)

Peer Review #1 of "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix (v0.2)"

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