An Immunologic Model in Laboratory Animals for the Study of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Arko, R J

doi:10.1093/infdis/129.4.451

Cited by 55 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Ark0 (1972Ark0 ( , 1973 used implanted capsules in laboratory animals to cultivate gonococci in vivo and showed that the avirulent types when injected into these were cleared much faster than virulent types. The model was also useful in the study of active immunisation (Arko, 1974). Buchanan and Gotschlich (1973) demonstrated that T1 and T2 gonococci survived for longer periods than their T3 and T4 counterparts when inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs.…”

Section: T1mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electron-Microscope Study of Naturally Occurring and Cultured Cells of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Novotny

Short

Walker

1975

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

FOR the development of an effective gonococcal vaccine it is likely that knowledge of virulence factors is required so that antigens of possible protective value can be defined. It is then necessary to determine whether such protective antigens are produced by gonococci cultured in vitro.Much of the work being carried out at the present time on gonococci was stimulated by the discovery by Kellogg et al. (1963) of four different colonial types designated Tl-T4. Although all the colony types derived from a single strain were virulent for human volunteers for up to 38 selective passages, only T1 and T2 colonies were able to produce the disease after several hundred passages (Kellogg et al., 1968).Work on the gonococcus has been hampered by the lack of an animal model, since the only susceptible species appear to be man and chimpanzees (Lucas et a!., 1971). Recently, however, there have been reports that claim to measure virulence by simple in-vivo procedures. Ark0 (1972Ark0 ( , 1973 used implanted capsules in laboratory animals to cultivate gonococci in vivo and showed that the avirulent types when injected into these were cleared much faster than virulent types. The model was also useful in the study of active immunisation (Arko, 1974). Buchanan and Gotschlich (1973) demonstrated that T1 and T2 gonococci survived for longer periods than their T3 and T4 counterparts when inoculated on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. Bumgarner and Finkelstein (1 973), although failing to support this finding, showed remarkable differences in virulence between the types on intravenous injection into 1 1-day-old chick embryos. In addition, experiments with human polymorphs have shown that T1 cells are retained to a greater extent and are more resistant to digestion than T4 cells (Thomas, Hill and Tyeryar, 1973) and that virulent cells have greater resistance to phagocytosis (Ofek, Beachey and Bisno, 1974). Human bactericidal serum (Thomas et al., 1973) or rabbit antiserum to T2 gonococci enhanced phagocytosis of virulent but not avirulent cells (Ofek et al., 1974).Although it is possible by laboratory culture to distinguish colonies of Neisseria gonurrhoeae that are believed to be virulent, the factors responsible for virulence are far from clear. Jephcott, Reyn and Birch-Andersen (1971) and independently Swanson, Kraus and Gotschlich (1971) demonstrated that gonococci of colonial types T1 and T2 were piliate whereas those of T3 and T4 were not. As this appeared to be the most significant morphological difference between the virulent and avirulent colony types it was thought that piliation might be the factor that conferred virulence. Although in describing these appendages the term fimbriae has a prior claim over that of pili (Brinton, 1965 ;Duguid, Anderson and Campbell, 1966), the latter is in more general use as applied to gonococci and is used throughout the

show abstract

Section: T1mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Electron-Microscope Study of Naturally Occurring and Cultured Cells of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Novotny

Short

Walker

1975

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1). Rabbits were occasionally implanted with two plastic practice golf-balls as described by Ark0 (1972 and1974). The chambers were sterilised by autoclaving (at 121°C for 15 min.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is, however, particularly appropriate for studying the next phase of gonococcal invasion, interaction with the humoral and cellular defence mechanisms, as well as any subsequent toxic effects of gonococci on host cells. Already the model has been used for immunological investigations (Arko, 1974).…”

Section: Infection Of Rabbit Chambers With Gonococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for use in studies of pathogenicity and immunity the latter system has technical drawbacks, and collodion sacs exclude host defence-mechanisms, especially the idammatory response. The Ark0 system seemed convenient technically but the inflammatory response was not mentioned in the original description (Arko, 1972), and was referred to briefly and only with reference to mice in a more recent paper (Arko, 1974). This paper describes the examination of a modified Arko technique in guinea-pigs and rabbits to see if it would provide a basis for future studies of the aggressive mechanisms of gonococci.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Differential Ability of Colonial Types of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae to Produce Infection and an Inflammatory Response in Subcutaneous Perforated Plastic Chambers in Guinea-Pigs and Rabbits

Veale

Smith

Witt

et al. 1975

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PLATE XVIIRE SEARCH on gonorrhoea has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. Although human volunteers have been infected with urethral pus and with gonococci grown in vitro (Hill, 1943;Kellogg et al., 1968) such experiments are limited by ethical considerations. An animal model would not only facilitate investigations of the pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae but might also act as an assay system for testing the anti-gonococcal activity of drugs and vaccines. Recently, Brown, Lucas and Kuhn (1972) infected the urethra of male chimpanzees with N. gonorrhoeae isolated from human pus and from culture, and demonstrated transmission of infection from a male to a female chimpanzee by coitus. This system seems to parallel the human situation but is expensive. However, similar experiments might be accommodated by a model in small laboratory animals that has been developed by Ark0 (1972) from a method used in virology (Tosi et al., 1970). Perforated polyethylene practice golf-balls were implanted subcutaneously into rabbits, and stainless-steel springs into guinea-pigs, rats, hamsters and mice. The chambers became encapsulated with connective tissue and filled with a sterile transudate. Gonococci were inoculated into the chambers and persistent infections established in all five species. An anti-inflammation agent (dexamethasone) was used in the rabbits, rats and guinea pigs but not in hamsters and mice. Rats were the most difficult animals to infect. Using a similar system, Flynn and Waitkins (1 973) implanted annular plastic chambers subcutaneously in mice. They did not use anti-idlammation drugs and achieved only fleeting infections. Many years before, N. gonorrhoeae had been grown in vivo in collodion sacs (Harris, 1939) and in the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye (Miller, 1948). However, for use in studies of pathogenicity and immunity the latter system has technical drawbacks, and collodion sacs exclude host defence-mechanisms, especially the idammatory response. The Ark0 system seemed convenient

show abstract

“…One animal model developed to demonstrate the immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its products is the infection of perforated plastic chambers implanted subcutaneously into guinea pigs : strain-specific immunity to chamber infection has resulted from either spontaneous eradication of a previous chamber infection or repeated subcutaneous inoculation of large quantities of killed gonococci (Arko, 1974;Scales & Kraus, 1974;Turner & Novotny, 1976;Chandler et al, 1976;Wong et al, 1976;Penn et al, 1977a;Ark0 & Wong, 1977;Novotny et al, 1978). The nature of the immunizing antigens is now under investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than One Antigen Contributes to the Immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Guinea Pig Chamber Model

Parsons¹,

Penn²,

Veale³

et al. 1979

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gonococci adapted to growth in guinea pig chambers [strain BS4 (agar)] were predominantly smooth organisms and produced a type-specific antigen. A vaccine prepared by treating these gonococci with formalin, protected guinea pig chambers against homologous challenge in contrast to a similarly treated laboratory strain (BSDH) which had been selected in vitro from the same parent strain and which did not produce the type-specific antigen. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) contained the type-specific antigen but attempts to immunize guinea pigs with complexes of rabbit antibody with this antigen excised from gels failed. However, good immunity could be produced by combining such complexes with formalin-killed rough gonococci (strain BS4R), lacking the type-specific antigen, which were found in some chambers of challenged guinea pigs that had been immunized with the complexes. Hence, at least two antigens -one the type-specific antigen and the other(s) posessed by both BS4 (agar) and BS4R -are needed for immunogenicity. Surface washes of BS4 (agar) and BS4R contained three antigens, distinct from the type-specific antigen, which might complement it in producing immunity. Similar antigens were present in surface washes of five fresh isolates from human urethral pus, but only a few organisms from these isolates possessed antigens similar to the type-specific antigen. The variability of gonococci in antigenicity, immunogenicity and probably virulence is discussed.

show abstract

An Immunologic Model in Laboratory Animals for the Study of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Cited by 55 publications

References 4 publications

An Electron-Microscope Study of Naturally Occurring and Cultured Cells of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

An Electron-Microscope Study of Naturally Occurring and Cultured Cells of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

Differential Ability of Colonial Types of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae to Produce Infection and an Inflammatory Response in Subcutaneous Perforated Plastic Chambers in Guinea-Pigs and Rabbits

More than One Antigen Contributes to the Immunogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Guinea Pig Chamber Model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About