An improved quantum watermarking scheme using small-scale quantum circuits and color scrambling

Li, Panchi; Zhao, Yongqiang; Hong, Xia; Cao, Maojun

doi:10.1007/s11128-017-1577-z

Cited by 31 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although the mentioned traditional algorithms performance good in the protection of vital data, the efficiency and security of which are less than quantum image encryption algorithms. At present, little research has been done in the promising area of quantum image encryption as it is a burgeoning research direction [16]- [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum Block Image Encryption Based on Arnold Transform and Sine Chaotification Model

et al. 2019

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Quantum image encryption is an emerging technology for efficiently protecting visual information. A quantum block image encryption scheme is designed based on quantum Arnold transform (QArT) and lately proposed sine chaotification model (SCM) in this paper. First, in order to flexibly manipulate image blocks, a quantum block image representation (QBIR) model for block image is proposed, which encodes pixel gray values and position information of image blocks into two entangled qubit sequences. Then, QArT is applied to scramble the positions of image blocks. The final ciphertext image is obtained by quantum xor operations, which is completed with a pseudorandom sequence generated from SCM. The introduction of SCM dramatically enlarges the key space to resist brute-force attack. Moreover, the generated sequence is dependent on the original image to resist the chosen-plaintext attack. The main quantum circuits are given and the numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed quantum image encryption scheme is valid and reliable for quantum image protection in terms of security and computational complexity. INDEX TERMS Quantum image representation, quantum image encryption, quantum Arnold transform, sine chaotification model, XOR operation. XINGBIN LIU received the Ph.D. degree from the School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, in 2017. He is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher with the College of Computer Science, Chongqing University. His main research interests include image security, image fusion, and quantum information processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantum circuit for QBIR image preparation. (j, t, y, x) |jt |yx ,(19) where the j t denotes the position of scrambled blocks.According to the definition of QArT written in Eq. (8), the j t can be calculated as:   j = QArT (|j ) = |j + t mod 2 w t = QArT (|t ) = |j + 2t mod 2 w .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Block Image Encryption Based on Arnold Transform and Sine Chaotification Model

et al. 2019

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“…QIP has intrinsic advantages in protecting image content because of no-cloning theorem and uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. Therefore, lots of quantum image watermarking and image encryption schemes are proposed in recent years [21]. The proposed encryption schemes can be generally classified into spatial domain and frequency domain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Image Encryption Using Intra and Inter Bit Permutation Based on Logistic Map

2019

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In this paper, a quantum image encryption scheme is proposed by using the inter-intra bit-level permutation strategy. The image to be encrypted is first represented by a novel enhanced quantum representation model, and then, the intra and inter permutation operations are successively performed on bit planes. The intra bit permutation is achieved by sorting chaotic sequence, and the inter bit permutation is accomplished with qubit XOR operations between the two selected bit planes. The ciphertext image is finally obtained through a chaotic diffusion procedure implemented with a quantum image XOR operation. The XOR operation is realized by controlled-NOT gates, which is controlled by a chaotic sequence generated with a logistic map. The parameters of the logistic map are sensitive, which makes the key space large enough to resist bruteforce attack. The proposed scheme not only modifies the pixel positions and gray values but also makes the bit distribution more uniform. The quantum circuits for the proposed encryption algorithm are devised. The simulation results and theoretical analysis show that the proposed method is more efficient than its classical counterpart, and its security is verified by the statistical analysis, keys sensitivity, and key space analysis.

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“…However, embedding capacity and position were fixed, and concealment was poor. Li et al [16][17] proposed a steganography method that embedded secret messages into quantum color images. The Gray code was used in the embedding process, and the embedding capacity was low.…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steganography of Quantum Color Images Based on Blocking and Gray Level Difference

Luo¹,

Shi²,

Oad³

et al. 2020

JESTR

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Steganography of quantum images is restricted by high fidelity and robustness, which limit hiding capacity and decrease visual quality. To improve the concealment of steganographic embedding of secret messages and enhance embedding capacity, the present study proposed a quantum red-green-blue (RGB) image steganography based on image block and gray level difference. First, digital color images were represented by quantum models and divided into non-overlapping blocks. Second, reference pixels in the blocks were selected, and gray level difference between the reference pixels and the G channel of other pixels was calculated. Third, according to the location of the difference, different bit planes where secret messages were embedded into the R and the B channels of the carrier image were determined. Finally, steganographic image was divided into blocks. The G channel gray difference was calculated, and the original secret message was extracted. Results demonstrate that quantum RGB image steganography has a steganographic capacity of four bits per pixel, and its quantum circuit is less complex. In comparison with other quantum image steganographic methods, the proposed method ensures a large steganographic capacity while realizing satisfactory visual quality and steganographic concealment. The study provides reference significance for exploring data hiding and quantum image security based on quantum RGB image block.

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An improved quantum watermarking scheme using small-scale quantum circuits and color scrambling

Cited by 31 publications

References 14 publications

Quantum Block Image Encryption Based on Arnold Transform and Sine Chaotification Model

Quantum Block Image Encryption Based on Arnold Transform and Sine Chaotification Model

Quantum Image Encryption Using Intra and Inter Bit Permutation Based on Logistic Map

Steganography of Quantum Color Images Based on Blocking and Gray Level Difference

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