An in situ multi-analytical approach in the restoration of bronze artefacts

Letardi, P.; Salvadori, Barbara; Galeotti, Monica; Cagnini, Andrea; Porcinai, Simone; Barbone, A. Santagostino; Sansonetti, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.018

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although coating's evaluation is the most common application, this cell has also proved its utility for assessing conservation treatments such as the effect of laser cleaning ,. Figure illustrates an example of this EIS study on the effects laser cleaning with different conditions (a, b, c), on three types of surfaces (A, B, C) from a nineteen century outdoor bronze statue of Napoleon located in Milan, Italy.…”

Section: Instrumentation Developments For In Situ Eis Measurement In mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and their Interpretation for the Diagnostic of Metallic Cultural Heritage: A Review

Barat

Cano

2018

ChemElectroChem

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Protecting metallic cultural heritage from corrosion is a major challenge for metal conservators. Electrochemical techniques offer a great potential for monitoring the conservation condition of this type of heritage, providing a powerful tool for designing conservation strategies. For this reason, the application of techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has aroused increasing interest in recent years, although some difficulties in application and interpretation of the results still keep it from being routine practice. This Review aims to picture the state-of-the-art of using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the in situ monitoring of metallic cultural heritage, focusing on spectra interpretation and different approaches that have been proposed to perform field measurements since the 1990's. In the first part of the Review, different cell designs based on the use of liquid or solid electrolytes for in situ measurements are reviewed. In the second part, a few general equivalent circuits are proposed as a basis for interpreting results on different metal surfaces after discussing different models proposed in literature. This overview intends to summarize and clarify the key points in the use of EIS, and encourage the use of this and other electrochemical techniques in the field of conservation science, for a better preservation of our cultural heritage.

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Section: Instrumentation Developments For In Situ Eis Measurement In mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and their Interpretation for the Diagnostic of Metallic Cultural Heritage: A Review

Barat

Cano

2018

ChemElectroChem

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“…The validated contact probe is directly applied on an outdoor surface, such as the nineteenth statue of Napoleon located in Milan, to evaluate the efficiency of the restoration treatments [29,41,42,43]. In situ experimental results were comparable to those observed in the laboratory from bronze coupon samples [3,26,39,40,41].…”

Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy In Chmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Furthermore, the contact probe is suitable not only for the diagnosis of environmental damage but also for evaluating the efficiency of the restoration treatment, establishing its non-invasive performance with respect to the treated metal surfaces. In particular, the selected statue of Napoleon was cleaned using the laser technique, and Letardi, Cano et al [29,41,42,43] demonstrated that after the laser treatment, a |Z| value recorded on the cleaned bronze sculpture was lower, but higher than that detected on the original cleaned bronze surface (the control sample, used here for comparison). This experimental result demonstrates that the laser cleaning protocol is suitable for a non-invasive metallic surface restoration (belonging to historical surfaces and CH objects), avoiding the etching/corrosion/passivation phenomena of the original bronze matter.…”

Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy In Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Electrochemical Portable Tools for Cultural Heritage Analysis: A Review

Valentini

2019

Sensors

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Protecting Cultural Heritage (CH) from corrosion and other environmental damages, mainly involving metallic or organic layers contained in artwork, represents a major challenge for conservation scientists. Electrochemical techniques provide useful information about the deterioration effects of metallic coatings and organic layers. Recently, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been successfully applied in the study of metallic corrosion. However, EIS has not succeeded in becoming a routine technique, due to problems regarding both instrumental apparatus (which is not ideal for in situ analysis, especially with previous cell configurations), and the difficulty with data processing. At the same time, new portable electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors have successfully made a scientific impact, mainly with in situ diagnosis of organic components contained in CH objects. For this purpose, this review presents two sections: the first describes the analytical optimization of impedance electrochemical cell geometries that are suitable for in situ metal-coating investigation; the second reports on the assembly of small electrochemical sensors, immunosensors, and biosensors, which useful for in situ organic layer characterization. This overview summarizes the state of the art regarding the application of electrochemical techniques and small electrochemical devices as alternative tools for the understanding of CH.

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“…EIS measurements were performed with a specially designed contact probe (ST15) which can be used for in-field measurements on artworks [43,44]. A stainless steel pseudo-reference electrode is embedded in PTFE coaxially with a 316 L Stainless Steel Counter Electrode to form a solid contact cell.…”

Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Eis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different equivalent circuit (EC) models could fit the complex behaviour of corroded copper-based surfaces [47][48][49][50]. However, a qualitative comparison of the curve shapes and low frequency values of impedance modulus have proved to allow an effective comparison between different surface treatments for heritage metal substrates [44,51,52]. Bode plots for untreated samples were characterised by a low frequency |Z| of the order of 10 kΩcm 2 (Fig.…”

Section: Surface Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a bio-based corrosion inhibitor versus benzotriazole on corroded copper surfaces

et al. 2018

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This research aims to characterize and compare the protective behaviour of a bio-based treatment versus benzotriazole (BTA) for the preservation of copper-based artefacts affected by active corrosion induced by copper chlorides. For this, the treatments were applied on artificial copper hydroxychlorides produced on copper sample. Their inhibition performance was then investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Results showed few BTA-Cu complexes formed and poor protectiveness of the BTA treatments. In contrast, the bio-based treatment resulted in the conversion of almost all copper hydroxychlorides into copper oxalates, providing a more efficient corrosion inhibition.

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An in situ multi-analytical approach in the restoration of bronze artefacts

Cited by 25 publications

References 17 publications

In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and their Interpretation for the Diagnostic of Metallic Cultural Heritage: A Review

In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and their Interpretation for the Diagnostic of Metallic Cultural Heritage: A Review

Smart Electrochemical Portable Tools for Cultural Heritage Analysis: A Review

Comparison of a bio-based corrosion inhibitor versus benzotriazole on corroded copper surfaces

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