“…In detail, 11 studies were about radiation exposure and associated harms [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] , 10 , 11 , [14] , [15] , [16] ]; 19 studies analyzed data on flexible or semirigid URS [ 18 , 19 , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ]; nine studies assessed factors that affect radiation exposure during PCNL [ [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] ]; 21 studies evaluated several methods of renal puncture and their effect on radiation [ [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] ]; two studies reported outcomes on tract dilation [ 68 , 69 ] and another two protocols for reduction of radiation during the whole procedure [ 70 , 71 ]. Regarding general measures that should ...…”