An Innovative, Green Cascade Protocol for Grape Stalk Valorization with Process Intensification Technologies

Abstract

Valorization of agri-food residues to produce bio-based platform chemicals will enhance the transition to the bio-economy era. To this end, a sustainable process has been developed for the overall valorization of grape stalks (GS) according to a circular approach, starting from the lignin fraction to further deal with the cellulose-rich residue. This non-conventional protocol fully adheres to green chemistry principles, exploiting the so-called enabling technologies—mainly ultrasound and microwaves—for energy-saving innovative processes. Firstly, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, 40 kHz, 200 W) demonstrated to be an excellent technique for GS delignification combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). Delignification enables isolation of the pertinent lignin framework and the potential to obtain a polyphenol-rich liquid fraction, focusing on the valorization of GS as source of bioactive compounds (BACs). Among the NaDESs employed, the combination of choline chloride (ChCl) and levulinic acid (LevA) (ChLevA) presented noteworthy results, enabling a delignification higher than 70%. LevA is one of the top-value biobased platform chemicals. In this work, a flash microwave (MW)-assisted process was subsequently applied to the cellulose-rich fraction remained after delignification, yielding 85% LevA. The regeneration of this starting compound to produce ChLevA can lead to a further biomass delignification cycle, thus developing a new cascade protocol for a full valorization of GS.

High-Temperature Hydrothermal Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain and Malt Dust Biomass Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…These extraction conditions provide an in situ acid-catalysed MA pre-treatment, inducing (par tial) destruction of the sample's lignocellulosic matrix at 120 °C. This finding aligns with several studies that highlight the excellent applicability of carboxylic acid-based NADES in the fractionation of lignin and lignocellulosic biomass [45][46][47][48][49].…”

Harnessing Agri-Food Waste as a Source of Biopolymers for Agriculture

“…Ultrasound-assisted (UA) delignification using NaDES as green solvents is also an interesting route to explore; in Entry 2 [23], different NaDES were tested with different extraction times (60 to 120 min). When US technology was used in combination with NaDES, a higher delignification time was required; however, higher yields were achieved.…”